KEY TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN FLORA COLORADO, UTAH, WYOMING, IDAHO, MONTANA, SASKATCHEWAN, ALBERTA, AND PARTS OF NEBRASKA, SOUTH DAKOTA, NORTH DAKOTA, AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BY P. A. RYDCERG, Ph.D. Curator, New York Botanical Garden NEW fORK "I'ublicLed by tho Author 1919 Copyright, 1919 Per Axel Rydberg t . • Pjs-ess of. . Lancaster. Pa. LJLl A.H\ ^ NEW YORK BOTANICAL QARDGN r , PREFACE ', In Europe, pocket manuals or so-called excursion floras have been very 'popular. These contain scarcely more than keys to the plants of the regions treated. The author, therefore, thought that a reprint of the keys found ^•in his Flora of the Rocky Mountains and Adjacent Plains* would be ff. useful in a similar way; not that he thought that this little book would jiibe sufficient in studying the vegetation of such a vast territory, for keys are never whoUj^ satisfactory. A few hints may be given, however, to show how and to whom this book may be useful. The Key may be used in connection with the Flora, or independenth'. The Flora is too big a book to carry conveniently on a field excursion. The Key is easily carried in a pocket, and by means of it, the preliminary studj^ and determinations can be done in the field while the flowers are fresh, and a more thorough study can be made at home afterwards with the aid of the Flora. In this way, the Key may be very useful to the field-botanist, the forester, the ranger, and the rachsman, who studies the vegetation on horse-back or on foot. It may also be conveniently used in the classroom, together with the Flora. In many cases the school or the students could not afTord to buy a copy for each student or each two members of the class, while it could be done in the case of a less expensive book. The drilling in how to determine a plant could be done by means of the Key, and when the plant is tentatively determined, the verifications may be done by means of one or two copies of the Flora, the description in it being read by the teacher or a member of the class. The Key may also be used independently. It may convenientlj^ be used as a check-book for recording the local flora. Where an inexpensive book is desired, it will be useful, if not suflficient, for the classification of the plants of the Rockies. Many amateur botanists do not care as much for the technical description as for knowing the scientific and common names of the flowers. In this case, the Key may be sufficient, as all the accepted scientific names found in the Flora are also found in the Key. So are also all the common or popular names, except a few which were mentioned in the text and which apply merely to that particular species. These names are, however, mostly given in the index. In the index are also given the most important synonyms of the scientific names of the genera, with a reference to which genus each belongs. The area covered by the Key, as well as by the Flora, include the entire states of Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana, and extends eastward to Long. 102 W. in IS'ebraska, South Dakota and North Dakota; it also includes the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, south of Lat. 55 N. (their old northern boundary), and the Kootenay Districts of British Columbia. The book' contains the keys to 103S genera and 5897 species of flowering plants and fernworts, in other words of all that have been recorded within the region. It was also advisable to reprint the Glossarj^ of the Flora, as it would be useful to those not too familiar with the scientific terms. New York Botanical Garden, September, 1918. P. A. Rydberg. * See advertize men t on page 305 WAV 8 1967 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Spermatophyta Key to the Families 7 Key to the Genera and Species GymnoSpermae 17 Angiospermae : Monocotyledones 19 Dicotyledones 60 Pteridophyta 280 Glossary 285 Index 295 Table of ^Metric and English Measurements 1 mm. = V20 inch 1 line = 2 mm. 3 mm. = Vs inch 3^ inch = 3 mm. 1 cm. = % inclies 1 inch = 2.5 cm. 5 cm. = 2 inches 1 span = 1 dm. 1 dm. = 4 inches 1 foot = 3 dm. 1 m. =40 inches or 3^3 feet 1 yard = 9 dm. 300 m. = 1000 feet SPERMATOPHYTA Seed-bearing or Flowering Plants. Page Ovules aud seeds borne on the surface of an open bract or scale; stigmas wanting. Class I. GYMNOSPERMAE 17 Ovules and seeds in a closed cavity (ovary), formed by one or more imited modified leaves, with one or more stigmas at tlie end. Class II. ANGIOSPERMAE 19 Cotyledons usually single; earlier leaves alternate; leaves mostly parallel-veined; stem endogenous. Subclass 1. :\Ionocotyledoxes 19 Cotvledons mostly 2; earlier leaves opposite; leaves mostly netted-veined; stem e.iogenous. Subclass 2. Dicotyledones 60 KEY TO THE FA^IILIES. Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Xaked-seeded Plants. Perianth none ; trees or shrubs with needle- or scale-like leaves not sheathing. Pistillate flowers in aments; fruit a cone, either dry or berry-like. Carpellary scales subtended by bracts, never peltate; ovules inverted; buds scaly ; wings of the seeds formed from a portion of the carpellary scales. 1. PrNACEAE 17 Carpellary scales not subtended by bracts, mostly peltate or fleshy; ovules erect; buds naked; wings of the seeds, if present, a part of the seed- coat. 2. JUNIPERACEAE 18 Pistillate flowers single or in pairs, without carpellary scales; fruit drupaceous or baccate. 3. Taxaceae 18 Perianth present, urn-shaped; pistillate flowers single or in pairs; horsetail-like shrubs with jointed branches and the leaves reduced to sheathing scales. 4. Ephedraceae 18 Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE Seed-vesseled Plants. Subclass 1. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Small lens-shaped, ellipsoid, or flask-shaped floating aquatics without leaves. 15. Lemnaceae 49 Plants with true stems and leaves, the latter however, sometimes scale-like. Perianth rudimentary or degenerate, its members often bristles or mere scales, not corolla-like, or wanting. Flowers not in the a.\ils of dry or chaffy bracts (glumes). Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales. Flowers in elongate terminal spikes; fruit hidden among bristles. 5. Typhaceae. 19 Flowers in globose lateral spikes; fruit not hidden among bristles. 6. Sparganiaceae 19 Perianth fleshy or herbaceous, or wanting. Flowers in dense spikes subtended by an enlarged bract (spathe) ; fruit baccate; endosperm present; emersed water or bog plants. 14. Araceae 49 Flowers, if spicate, not subtended bj^ a spathe; fruit drupaceous; endosperm wanting; submerged water plants Gynoecium of distinct carpels; stigma disk-like or cup-like. 7. Zanichelliaceae 19 Gynoecium of united carpels: stigmas 2-4, sleedes. 8. Najadaceae 20 Flowers in the a.xils of dry or chaffy, usually imbricate bracts (glumes). Leaves 2-ranked, their sheaths, with their margins not united; stem mostly hollow; fruit a grain. 12. Poace.ae 21 Leaves 3-ranked, their sheaths with united margins; stems solid; fruit an achene. 13. Cyperaceae 40 I'eriaQth of 2 distinct series, the inner series usually coroUoid. Gynoecium of distinct carpels. Petals similar to the sepals; anthers long and narrow; carpels coherent. 9. SCHEUCHZERI.A.CEAE 20 Petals different from the sepals, in ours wiiite; anthers short and thick; carpels not coherent. 10. Alismaceae 20 Ciynoecium of united carpels. Stamens numerous; water plants with broad netted-veined floating leaf- blades. 47. Nyaiph.^eaceae 86 (7) 8 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Stamens 3-6. Ovary and fruit superior. Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers; endosperm mealy. Calyx and corolla of free, very different members; stamens free. 16. Commelin.\ce.\e 49 Calyx and coroUa of quite similar members and partly imited; stamens partly adnate to the perianth 17. PONTEDERI.\CE.'VE 49 Stamens alike and fertile; endosperm fleshy, horny, or cartilagin- ous. Styles present, distinct or united: stigmas terminal. Styles distinct; capsule septicidal. 18. j\Iel.vnth.\ce.\e 50 Styles united, often very short or obsolete during anthesis. Petals and sepals very unlike; capsules septicidal. 24. C.\LOCHORT.\CE.\E 56^ Petals and sepals nearly alike; capsules loculicidal. Sepals and petals chaffy. 19. Junc.\e.\e 50 Sepals and petals not ciiaffy. Herbs with bulbs, corms or rootstocks. Plants with bulbs, or corms, or short erect rootstocks. Flowers in umbels, at first included in and later subtended by a scarious invo- lucre. 20. Alli.\ce.\e 52 Flowers solitary or racemose, or in Leuco- crinum by shortening of the stem the inflorescence umbel-like, without involucre. 21. Liliace.\E. 54 Plants with elongate horizontal rootstocks. 22. C0NV.\LL.\RI.\CE.\E 55 Shrubby plants with woody caudices, or trees. 23. Dr.\c.\enace.\e 50 Styles wantmg. Flowers perfect; plants not climbing. Leaves and bracts alternate; plants with bulbs; fruit a capsule. 24. C.\LOCHORT.\rE.'VE 56 Leaves or leaf-like bracts whorled; plants with rootstock; fruit a berry. 25. Trilliaceae 56 Flowers dioecious; plants climbing or trailmg. 26. S.MILACACEAE 56 Ovary and fruit wholly or partly inferior . Flowers regular; androeciuni not reduced; stamens 3 or more. Aquatic plants, dioecious or polygamous. II. Elodiaceae 21 Land-plants with perfect flowers. Stamens 6; leaves not equitant. 27. Am.iryllidaceae 56 Stamens 3; leaves equitant. 28. Iridaceae 57 Flowers irregular, perfect; terrestrial or epipliytic plants; stamens 1 or 2. 29. Orchid.\ceae 57 Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. A. Corolla wanting. I. Calyx wanting, at least in the staminate flowers. Herbs. Land plants; styles distinct, cleft or foliaceous; ovaries 3-celled. 74. EUPHORBIACE.'KE 150 Aquatic plants; styles simple, united into pairs; ovaries 4-celled. 75. C.^LLITRICHACEAE 152 Trees or shrubs. Fruit 1-seeded; seeds without tufts of hairs. Fruit a nut or an acliene. 33. Corylaceae 65 Fruit a drupe or a samara. 101. Ole.\ce.'VE 179 Fruit many-seeded; seeds each with a tuft of hairs. 30. Salicaceae go II. Calyx present at least in the staminate or in the perfect flowers. 1, Flowers, at least the staminate, in aments or ament-like spikes. Plant not parasitic; fruit a nut or an achene. Staminate and pistillate flowers both in aments; fruit not with a bur or cup. Staminate flowers 2 or 3 together in the axils of the bracts, each with a calyx; pistillate flowers without a calyx. 32. Betulaceae 64 Staminate flowers solitary in the axils of each bract, without a calyx; pistillate flowers with a calyx. 33. Corylaceae 65 Staminate flowers in aments; pistillate ones often solitary. Fruit a nut, at least partly enclosed in a cup or bur. 31. F.\G.'VCE.\E 63 Fruit drupaceoiis, not enclosed in a cup or bur. {Garrya in) 95. Cornaceae. 173 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 9 Plant parasitic; fruit berry-like. 125. Loranthaceae 221 2. Flowers, at least the staminate, not in aments. a. Ovary superior. Gynoecium of 1, or several and distinct carpels; stigma and style of each solitary. Carpel solitary. Ovary neither enclosed nor seated in a hypantliium or a calyx- tube. Flowers not solitary in the axils of the leaves; land plants. Plants with scarious stipules; flowers cymose. 43. CORRIGIOLACEAE. 81 Plants not with scarious stipules; flowers clustered. 36. Urticaceae 66 Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves; aquatic plants. 46. Ceratophyllaceae 86 Ovary enclosed in or seated in a hypanthium or a calyx-tube. Stamens borne under the gynoecium; calyx corolla— like; herbs. 40. Nyctaginiaceae 78 Stamens borne on the hypanthium or adnate to the calyx- tube; calyx not corolla-like; shrubs. Hypanthium becormng fleshy in fruit, enclosing the tafl-less achenes; calyx 4-merous; stamens 4 or 8; leaves silvery -sciu-fy. 89. Elaeagnaceae 160 Hypantliium not becoming fleshy; achenes tailed; calyx 5-merous; leaves not scurfy. {Coleogyne and Cercocarpus in) 60. Rosaceae 116 Carpels several. Stamens inserted belowTthe ovary. (Genera in) 48. Ranunculaceae 86 Stamens inserted on the edge of a cup-shaped hypanthium. (Genera in) 60. Ros.\ceae 116 Gynoecium of 2 or several united carpels; stigmas or styles 2 or several. Ovary, by abortion, 1-celled and 1-ovuled. Leaves with sheathing stipules (ocreae). 37. POLYGONACEAE 66 Leaves estipulate, or stipules, if present, not sheatliing. Trees or shrubs; ovary not seated in a hypanthium. 34. Ulmaceae 65 Herbs or vines. Stipules herbaceous; inflorescence spicate or racemose; leaf-blades palmately veined. 35. Cannabinaceae 66 Stipules scarious, or hyaline, or none: inflorescence cymose: leaf-blades pinnately veined. Fruit a utricle, or achene, circumscissile or burstmg irregularly. Stipules wanting. Flowers subtended by an involucre formed by more or less united bracts. 37. Poly'gonaceae 66 Flowers not involucrate. Bracts not scarious. 38. CHENOPODIACE-AE 74 Bracts scarious. 39. Amakanthaceae 78 Stipules present, scarious. 43. Corrigiol.\ceae 81 Fruit a capsule, deliiscent by apical or longitudinal valves. 44. Alsin.aceae si Ovary several-celled, or with several placentae, several-ovuled. Stamens hypogynous, inserted under the gynoecium in the per- fect flowers, not on a disk in the staminate flowers. Flowers perfect. Stamens not tetradynamous. Stamens 2; inflorescence spicate. {Besseya in) 117. Scrophulariaceae 206 Stamens 3-10; inflorescence cymose or axillary. Ovary 1-celled. Placentae parietal; pistils 2-carpillary. 57. S.axifragaceae 110 Placentae central or basal; pistils of 3-5 car- pels. Calyx not petaloid, of 4 or 5 distinct sep- als. 44. Alsinaceae 81 Caly.x more or less petaloid, campanulate, merely 5-lobed. (Glaux in) 100. Primulaceae 117 Ovary 3-5-celled; leaves verticillate. 41. Tetragoniace.ve 80 10 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Stamens tetradynamous. (Apetalous species in) 52. Brassicaceae 90 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 74. EUPHORBI.\CE.\E 150 Stamens perigynous or epigynous, inserted on the naargin of a hypantliium or a dislc. Fruit a samara. 78. ACERACE.VE 153 Fruit drupe-like or berry-like. (Apetalous species in) 79. Rhamnace.ae 153 b. Ovary inferior. Flowers not in involucrabe heads. Fruit a berry, or a drupe, or nut-like. Shi'ubs, with scurfy and usually silvery leaves. 89. El.\eagnace.ae 100 Herbs, not with scurfy leaves. Stamens as many as the perianth-members and alternate with them, or fewer. 41. Tetragoniaceae. 80 Stamens as many as the perianth-members and opposite them, or twice as many; water plants. Water plants, with whorled leaves. 92. Haloragidace.ae 166 Land plants, parasitic or saprophytic, with alternate leaves. 126. Saxtalace.\e 221 Fruit a capsule. Sepals as many as the ovarj'-cavities. Hypanthium merelj' enclosing the ovary. 90. Lythraceae 160 Hypanthium adnate to the ovary. 91. Onagraceae 160 Sepals not of the same number as the ovary-cavities. Styles 2; leaves alternate. 57. Saxifragaceae 110 St.vles 6; leaves 2, basal. 128. Aristolcchiace.ae 222 Flowers, at least the staniinate, in involucrate heads. Caly.x corolla-like. 40. Nyctaginaceae 78 Calyx not corolla-like. 133. AMBROSIACEAE 223 B. Corolla present. I. Petals distinct, at least at the base. 1. Carpels solitary, or several and distinct, or united only at the base. Stamens at the base of the receptacle, i. e., hypogjmous. Plants with relatively firm stems and leaves, not succulent. Stamens numerous; anther-sacs opening by slits. Submerged water plants with minute axillary sessile monoe- cious flowers; anthers with horn-like appendages. 46. Ceratophyllaceae 86 Land plants or rarely water plants with perfect or rarely dioecious flowers; anthers not with horn-like appendages. 48. Raxuncul.\ce.\e 86 Stamens definite (in ours 6) ; anther-sacs opening by hinged-valves. 49. Berberid.\ceae 94 Plants with succulent stems and leaves. 55. Crassulaceae 110 Stamens on the margin of a hypanthium (the hypanthium very small in some Saxifragaceae;. Flowers regular or nearly so (actinomorphic). Endorsperm present, usually copious and fleshy. Herbs; stipules mostly wanting. Carpels as many as the sepals; succulent plants. 55. Crassulaceae 110 Carpels fewer than the sepals, 2 or rarely 3, distinct or only partly united; plant scarcely succulent. 57. S.VXIFRAGArEAE UO Shrubs or trees; fruit thin- walled follicles; stipules present. (Upulaster in) 60. Kos.\CEAE IKl Endosperm wanting or scant; stipules mostly present. Carpels several or numerous, or, if soUtar v, becoming an achene. 60. Ros.\CEAE 116 Carpel soUtary. not becoming an achene. Ovary 2-ovuled; fruit a drupe; leaves simple. 62. AMY'GDAL.^CEAE 12S Ovary several-ovuled ; fruit a legume; leaves pinnately compomid. 63. jNIimosaceae 129 Flowers irregular (mostly zygomorpliic). Upper petal enclosed by the lateral ones in the bud; corolla not papflionaceous. 64. Caesalpiniaceae 129 Upper petal enclosing the lateral ones in bud; corolla papilionace- ous. 65. Fab.\ceae 129 2. Carpels several and united. a. Ovary superior. * Stamens inserted at the base of the ovary or receptacle. t Stamens numerous. KEY TO THE FAiMlLIES 11 Sepals imbricate. Filaments united in 3 or more sets; leaves pellucid-punctate. 82. Hypericaceae 156 Filaments distinct; leaves not punctate. Caly.x deciduous. 50. Papaveraceae 95 Calyx persistent. Stigmas distinct or united, but not discoid; land plants; petals and sepals 4. 53. Capparidaceae 109 Stigmas united into a disk; aquatic plants; petals and sepals numerous. 47. Nymphae.vceae 86 Sepals valvate; stamens with united filaments. 81. Malvaceae 154 ft Stamens few, not over twice as many as the petals. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Anther-sacs opening by liinged valves. 49. Berberidaceae 94 Anther-sacs opening by slits. Flowers monoecious. 74. Ecphorbiaceae 150 Flowers perfect. 42. Portulacaceae SO Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more, sometimes twice as many. Stamens 6 or less; petals 4: sepals 2 or 4. Sepals 2; endosperm present; flowers irregular: stamens diadelphous. 51. Fumariaceae 95 Sepals 4, rarely more; endosperm wanting; flowers regular. Capsule 2-celled; stamens tetradj-namous, rarely 2 or 4. 52. Brassic.\CEAE 96 Capsule 1-celled; stamens not tetrad ynamous. 53. Capparidaceae 109 Stamens, petals, and sepals of the same number, or sta- mens more, usually twice as many as the sepals or petals. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules, or seeds, on basal or central placentae. Sepals 2; or, if more (in Leuisia), plant scapose, with fleshy basal leaves and the flowers soU- tarj' on a jointed scape. 42. PORTUL.\CACEAE SO Sepals 4-5; plants leafy-stemmed. Sepals distinct; petals not clawed; ovary sessile. 44. Alsixaceae 81 Sepals united; petals clawed; ovary more or less distinctly stipitate. 45. Cartophtllaceae 85 Ovules, or seeds, on parietal placentae. Stamens with united filaments and no stamin- odia. 81. Malvaceae 154 Stamens with distinct filaments. Staminodia present. 56. Parnassiaceae 110 Staminodia wanting. Stigmas 2-cleft; plants insectivorous, with glandular-hispid leaves. 54. Droseraceae 110 Stigmas entire; land plants, not insectiv- orous; leaves not glandular-liispid. Styles in ours distinct. Sepals persistent, united into a tube; leaves not pellucid-dotted. 84. Franke\l\ceae 156 Sepals distinct; leaves pellucid- dotted. 82. Hypericaceae 156 Stj-les wholly imited. Corolla regular or nearly so; sta- mens 8 or more. Sepals and petals 4; the latter not fugaceous. 53. Capp.\rid.\ceae 109 Sepals and petals 3 or 5; the latter fugaceous. 85. Cist.\ceae 156 Corolla irregular ; one petal spurred ; stamens 5. 86. Viol.\ceae 156 Ovary several-celled. Stamens adnate to the g>Tioecium. 106. Asclepiadaceae 183 12 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Stamens not adnate to the gynoecium. Stamens with wholly or partly united filaments. Anthers opening lengthwise: corolla regular. Leaves punctate; filaments polyadelphous, i. e., united in three or more bundles. 82. HyPERICACE.VE 156 Leaves not punctate; filaments monadel- phous. i. e., united in a single hiuidle Styles vuiitied around a central column from which they break at matur- ity. 66. Ger.\ni.vce.\e 148 Styles distinct or permanently and partly united ; the tips and the stigmas free. Leaves simple; stamens 5. 68. Lix.\rE.\E 149 Leaves compound; stamens 10-15. 67. OX.\LIDACE.\E 149 Anthers opening by pores; corolla irregular. 73. POLYG.\L.\CE.\E l.'iO stamens with distinct filaments. Anthers luiited; flowers irregular. 69. B.\LSAMINACE.\E 149 Anthers distinct; flowers regular or nearly so. Anthers opening by pores. Gynoecium superior; fruit usually cap- sular. Herbaceous saprophytes without green leaves. 97. jMonotropaceae 174 Herbs with green leaves and root- stocks. 96. Pyrolaceae 174 Gynoecium inferior; fruit baccate or drupaceous. 99. VACCINI.AlCEAE 176 Anthers opening by slits. Stigmas or styles distinct and cleft, or foliaceous. 74. Euphorbiaceae 150 Stigmas or styles distinct or united, neither cleft nor foliaceous. Style wanting; dwarf water plants. s:3. Elati.vaceae 156 Styles present; not water herbs. Stamens 2, rarely 3. 101. Oleaceae 179 Stamens more than 3. Leaves punctate with trans- lucent dots. 72. RUTACEAE 150 Leaves without translucent dots. Calyx irregular, one of the sepals spurred or saccate; anthers imited around the stigma. 69. Bai.s.\min.\ceae 149 Calyx regular; none of the sepals saccate; anthers distinct. Style basal, arising between the nearly distinct lobes of the ovary: leaves odd- pinnate. 70. LIMNANTIIACEAE 150 Styles not basal; leaves in burs abruptly pinnate, or digitate. 71. Zygopiiyllaceae 150 ** stamens inserted on the margin of a disk or hypanthium (perigy- nous or hypogynous). Styles and upper part of the ovaries distinct. 57. S.\XIFRAG.\CE.\E 110 styles united. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them. Fruit a samara. 78. AcERACE.\E 153 Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule. Sepals manifest; petals involute: fruit capsular or dru- paceous; ours shrubs or trees. 79. RlIAMNACEAE 153 Sepals minute or obsolete; petals valvate; fruit a berry; ours vines with tendrils. SO. Vitaceae 154 KEY TO THE FAMILIES 13 Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, or more. Hypanthium flat or obsolete; disk fleshy. Styles united, arising in the center, between the nearly distinct lobes of the ovary; small hydrophytic plants. 70. Limnanthaceae 150 Styles not arising between the ovaries; trees or shrubs. Plants without secretins; glands in the bark. Plants with resiniferous tissue; fruit drupaceous; seeds without aril; leaves in ours compoimd. 77. Anacardiaceae 152 Plants without resiniferous tissue ; fruit a loculic- idal capsule; seed with a fleshy aril; leaves simple. 76. Celastraceae 152 Plants with secreting glands in the bark. 72. Rutaceae 150 Hypanthium cup-shaped or campanula te; disk obsolete or inconspicuous. 90. Lythraceae 160 2. Ovary at least partly inferior. a. Stamens numerous. Ovary partly inferior. Fruit a capsule. 58. Hydrangeaceae 114 Fruit a pome. 61. Malaceae 127 Ovary wholly inferior. Sepals and petals 4 or 5. verv unlike each other; leaves ample. Trees or shrubs; fruit fleshy. 61. Malaceae 127 Herbs with rigid hairs; fruit capsular. 87. Loasaceae 157 Sepals and petals nearly alike, at least the latter numerous; leaves typically and in all ours mere scales or wanting ; suc- culent plants armed with spines. 88. Cactaceae 158 b. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals. Styles wanting ; stigmas sessile. 92. Halorigidaceae 166 Styles present. Plants without tendrils. Styles distinct. Ovules several in each cavity of the ovary; fruit a cap- sule or a fleshy many-seeded berry. Fruit, if dehiscent, valvate. Leaves opposite; fruit a leathery capsule. 58. Hydr.\nge.\ceae 114 Leaves alternate; fruit a berry. 59. Grossulariaceae 115 Fruit circumscissile. 42. Portulacaceae 80 Ovules solitary in each cavity of the ovary; fruit a drupe or 2-5 more or less united achenes. Fruit drupaceous or baccate; gynoecium 1-several- carpellary, if 2-carpellary the stigmas introrse. Ovule with a ventral raphe; leaves mostly alter- nate; blades lobed or compound. 94. Araliaceae 173 Ovule with a dorsal raphe; leaves mostly op- posite; blades entire or merely toothed. 95. CORNACE.\E 173 Fruit dry, a cremocarp; gynoecium 2-carpellary; stigmas terminal. 93. Ammiaceae 166 Styles united, or single. Ovary enclosed in or surpassed by the hypanthium or adnate to it. Anthers opening by pores; fruit a berry. 99. Vacciniaceae 176 Anthers opening by slits; fruit a capsule. Ovary with parietal placentae. 87. Loas.\ceae 157 Ovary with central or basal placentae. Hypanthium merely enclosing the ovary. 90. Lythraceae 160 Hypanthium adnate to the ovary. 91. Onagraceae 160 Ovary exceeding the hypanthium, the top free. 58. Hydrangi.\ceae 114 Plants with tendrils; fruit a pepo; leaf-blades palmately veined. 129. Cucurbitaceae 222 II. Petals more or less united. A. Ovary superior. 1. Stamens free from the corolla. Gynoecium of a single carpel; corolla papilionaceous. 65. Fabaceae 129' Gynoecium of several united carpels. Filaments united. 14 KEY TO THE FAMILIES Stamens diadelphous. 51. Fumariaceae 95 Stamens monadelphous. Anther-sacs opening by slits; calyx and corolla regular. 67. OX.\LIDACEAE 149 Anther-sacs opening by pores; caly.v and corolla very irregular. 73. Polygalaceae 150 Filaments distinct. Corolla regular: anthers distinct. Herbaceous saprophytes, without green leaves. 97. jNIoxotropaceae 174 Herbs or shrubs with green leaves. Corolla of essentially distinct petals, i. e., united only at the base; herbs with rootstocks. 96. Pyrolaceae 174 Corolla of distinctly united petals; shrubs. 9.8. Ericaceae 174 Corolla irregular; one of the petals free; anthers united. 69. Balsamin.vceae 149 2. Stamens partially adnate to the corolla. a. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, or twice as many or more; ovary i-celled; placentae central or basal. 100. Pkimulaceae 176 b. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer. * Corolla not scarious, veiny; fruit various, but not a pyxis. t Carpels distinct, except sometimes at the apex. Styles united; stamens distinct or gynandrous. 105. Apocyxaceae 181 styles distinct; stamens monadelphous. 100. ASCLEPIADACEAE 183 tt Carpels united. Ovary 1-celled, with central placentae. Corolla-lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud ; leaves typically opposite and simple. 103. Genti.\n.\ceae 179 Corolla-lobes induplicate-valvate in the bud ; leaves al- ternate, in ours mostly basal and trifoliolate. 104. IMexyanthaceae 181 Ovary 2-3-celled, or falsely 4-celled, or if 1-celled with parietal placentae. Stamens 2, opposite to each other; corolla regular. 101. Ole.\ceae 179 Stamens usually more than 2, if only 2 not opposite to each other and tlie corolla irregular. Leaves with stipules or stipular lines. 102. Loganiaceae 179 Leaves without traces of stipules. Stamens 5, if only 3-4, not didynamous. Fruit a capsule or berry; ovary not 4-lobed. Styles or stigmas usually distinct. ' Parasitic twining plants, with scale- like leaves. 108. Cuscutaceae ■ 184 Plants not parasitic; leaves normal. Inflorescence not scorpioid; flowers cyraose or solitary ; ovar j- 2-3 celled. Corolla plaited and the plaits convolute in the bud; flow- ers axillary, solitary or cymose-conglomerate; plants usually twining. 107. Coxvolvulaceae 183 Corolla merely convolute in the bud, not plaited; flowers cymose; plants never twin- ing. 109. Polemoniaceae 184 Inflorescence more or less dis- tinctly scorpioid; ovary in ours 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. 110. HYDROPnYLL.\CEAE 190 Fruit more or less drupaceous. 111. Ehretiaceae 193 Styles and stigmas wholly united. Ovules few. 109. Coxvolvulaceae 183 Ovules numerous. KEY TO THE FAMILIES 15 Median axis of the gynoecium in tlie same plane as the axis of the stem; seeds mostly pitted. 116. SOL.\N.\CEAE 204 Median axis of the gynoecium not in the same plane as the axis of the stem; seed tuberculate. {Vcrbascum in) 117. SCROPHUL.\RIACEAE 208 Fruit of 1-4 nutlets; ovary more or less dis- tinctly 4-Iobed. Style or stigma furnished with a glandular ring. 112. Heliotropaceae 193 Style or stigma not furnished with a glandular ring. Fruit 4 dry nutlets. 11.3. BOR.\GIXACEAE 193 Fruit more or less drupaceous. 111. Ehretiaceae 193 Stamens 4 and didynamous, or 2 or 1. Stamens 2 and opposite to each other; corolla regular. 101. Oleaceae 179 Stamens, if 2, not opposite to each other, nor the corolla regular. Carpels ripening into 2 or 4 nutlets, an achene, or a drupe. Style apical on the lobeless ovary. 114. Verbenaceae 201 Style arising between the 4 lobes of the ovary. 115. L.\miaceae 201 Carpels ripening into a capsule. Placentae of the ovary axile. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-o-celled; land-plants. 117. SCROPHUK^RIACEAE 206 Ovary 1-celled: ours submerged water plants or bog plants. 118. Lextibul.\RI.\ceae 217 Placentae of the ovary parietal. Herbs parasitic on the roots of other plants; leaves scale-like, not green. 119. Orob.anchaceae 218 Herbs with green leaves, not para- sitic. 120. Martyniaceae 218 ** Corolla scarious, veinless; fruit a pyxis. 121. Pl.\ntaginaceae 218 B. Ovary inferior. Stamens with the filaments free from the corolla. Stamens 10; anther-sacs opening by terminal pores or chinks. 99. Vaccini.\ceae 176 Stamens 5 or fewer; anther-sacs opening by longitudinal slits Corolla regular; anthers distinct. 130. Campanulaceae 222 Corolla irregular; anthers united. 131. Lobeliaceae 222 Stamens adnate to the corolla. Ovary with 2-many fertile cavities and 2-many ovules; calyx un- modified, at least not a pappus. Plants tendril-bearing. 129. Cucurbitaceae 222 Plants not tendril-bearing. Ovules mostly on basal placentae; plants parasitic or saprophy- tic. Leaves opposite; fruit a berry; tree-parasites. 125. LORANTIIACEAE 221 Leaves alternate; fruit a drupe or nut; root-para'ites or saprophytes. 126. SANTAL.\tEAE 221 Ovules variously borne, but not on a basal placenta; plants not parasitic. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes. Leaves with " stipules (often leaf-like and usually re- garded as leaves) adnate to the stem between the leaf-bases. 122. Rubiaceae 219 Leaves without stipules or if present these adnate to the petioles. 123. Caprifoliackae 219 Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes; low herbs with ternately dissected leaves. 124. Adoxaceae 221 Ovary with one fertile cavity; calyx often modified into a pappus. Flowers not in heads, often in head-like spikes or racemes. 127. Valerian.\ceae 221 Flowers in involucrate heads. Flowers all with tubular corollas or none, or only the ray- flowers with ligulate corollas. 16 KEY TO THE FAIMILIES stamens distinct. Flowers hermaphrodite, surrounded by a cup-like m- vohicel ; anthers versatile. 132. DtPSACE.\E 223 Flowers unise.xual, not involucellate; anthers basifixed. 133. Ambrosi.\ce.\e 223 Stamens united by the anthers, or if distinct (in Kuhnia) the flowers hermaphrodite and anther.s basifl-xed. 134. C.\RDUArE.\E 224 Flowers aU with ligulate corollas. 135. Cichoriaceae 273 Class 1. GYMNOSPERMAE. Naked-seeded Plants. Famil}^ 1. PINACEAE. Pine Family. Leaves several together (in one species solitary), surrounded by a sheath at the base; cones maturina; the second year. Cone-scales with dorsal, usuallv spine-armed appendages. Seeds with elongated wings attached to the seeds when they fall: leaves mostly with two flbro-vascular bundles. 1. PiNUS. Seeds with narrow or rudimentary wings, which remain attached to the scales when the seeds fall; leaves with a single flbro-vascular bundle. 2. Caryopitys. Cone-scales with inconspicuous terminal unarmed appendages. Seeds with rudimentary wings attached to the scales; cones subsessile, spreading. 3. APINU.S. Seeds with well-developed wings, wliich remain attached to the seeds; cones dis- tinctly stalked, pendulous. 4. Strobus. Leaves not surrounded by sheaths; cones maturing the first year. Leaves in fascicles at the ends of short branches, deciduous. 5. L\RIX. Leaves scattered along the branches, persistent. Branches smooth, not roughened by persistent leaf-bases. Cones erect, their scales and bracts deciduous from the persistent axis; leaves sessile with circular leaf-scars. 6. Abies. Cones pendulous, their scales and bracts persistent ; leaves petioled with trans- versal oval leaf-scars. 7. PsEUDOTSUGA. Branches roughened bv persistent leaf-bases (sterigmata) . Leaf-blades petioled with a .single dorsal duct; anthers opening transversely; seeds with resin-vesicles. Leaves flat, with storaata only on the lower side, 2-ranked by twisting of the petioles; cones small, drooping. 8. Tsuga. Leaves not much flattened, keeled on the lower side, with stomata on both .sides, spreading in all directions; cones elongated, erect at least at first. 9. Hesperopeuce. Leaf-blades sessile, with two lateral ducts, in ours 4-angled and spreading in all directions; anthers opening longitudinally; seeds without resin-vesicles. 10. PiCEA. 1. PINUS (Tourn.) L. Hard Pines, Pitch Pines. Leaves in 4's or 5's, with soUtary flbfo-vascular bundles and more or less deciduous sheaths; spines of the cone-scales long and slender. 1. P. aristata. Leavas in 2's or 3's, with usually two flbro-vascular bundles and persistent sheaths; spines of the cone-scales short or none. Cones 6-15 cm. long and 5-6 cm. in diameter; leaves 8-25 cm. long. Leaves 12-25 cm. long; cones 8-15 cm. long, elongated-ovoid. 2. P. ponderosa. Leaves 8-15 cm. long; cones 6-9 cm. long, rounded-ovoid. 3. P. scopulorum. Cones .3-5 cm. long and about 3 cm. in diameter. Cones spreading, or somewhat refiexed; scales with evident dorsal spines. 4. P. Murrayana. Cones erect, more or less incurved; scales unarmed or nearly so, at least at matur- ity. 5. P. Banksiana. 2. CARYOPITYS Small. Nut-pines, Pinons. Cones about 3 cm. long; leaves usually in pairs, seldom in threes. 1. C. cdulis. Cones 4-5 cm. long; leaves singly or sometimes in pairs. 2 C. monophylla. 3. APINUS Necker. Cembra Pines. Cones 8-15 cm. long; scales neither much tliickened nor impressed around the scar, spreading at maturity. 1- A. flexilis. Cones 5-8 cm. long; scales much thickened and impressed around the terminal scar, remaining closed. 2. A. albicaulis. 4. STROBUS Opiz. White Pines. 1. S. moniUola. 5. LARIX (Tourn.) Adans. Larch, Tamarack. Cones 1-2 cm. long, subglobose; their scales few, longer than the bracts; leaves 3-angled. 1. L. laricina. Cones 2-4 cm. long, ovoid; their scales numerous, shorter than the bracts. Leaves triangular; branches soon becoming glabrate. 2. L. occidenlalis. Leaves quadrangular; branchlets tomeatoso. 3. L. Lyallii. 6. ABIES (Tourn.) Hill. Fir, Balsam. Uesin-ducts of the leaves within the soft tissues, remote from the epidermis. Bracts longer than the cone-scales; leaves dark green above, pale beneath. 1. A. balsamea. 17 18 PINACEAE Bracts much shorter than the cone-scales; leaves blue-green and glaucous. Bark of the trunk hard, not corky; cone-scales longer than broad. 2. A. lasiocarpa. Bark of the trunk elastic, corky; cone-scales broader than long. 3. A. arizonica. Resin-ducts of the leaves close to the epidermis on the lower side. Bracts obcordate with a short acumination ; leaves (except those of the cone-bearing branches) emarginate, dark green above, white beneath. 4. A. grandis. Bracts truncate with a short acumination; leaves acute or acuminate, seldom obtuse at the apex, pale blue-green and glaucous 5. A. concolor. 7. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr. Red Fir, False Spruce. i. P. mucwnaia. 8. TSUGA (Endl.) Carr. Hemlock. i. T. heierophylla. 9. HESPEROPEUCE Lemmon. Black Hemlock, Mountain Hemlock. 10. PICEA Link. Spruces. l. H. Merlensiana . Cone-scales rounded at the apex. Branchlets pubescent; cones 1.5-3 cm. long, persistent for several years; scales rigid, erose or dentate. 1. P. Mariana. Branchlets glabrous; cones 3-5 cm. long, deciduous in the first winter; scales rather tliln. Cone-scales entire or minutely denticulate on the margins; cones cylindric- oblong, 3.5-5 cm. long. 2. P. canadensis. Cone-scales erose on the margins; cones ellipsoid, 3-3.5 cm. long. 3. P. albertiana. Cone-scales more or less rhomboid in outline. Branchlets pubescent; cones 3-5 cm. long. 4. P. Engelmanni. Branchlets glabrous; cones 5-9 cm. long. 5. P. pungens. Family 2. JUNIPERACEAE. Juniper Family. Plants monoecious; cones dry; scales merely imbricate. I. Thuja. Plants mostly dioecious; cones berry-like or drupe-like, with coalescent fleshj scales. Ameuts axillary; cones with smaller scales at the top; leaves all subulate and spreading. 2. Juniperus. Aments terminal ; pistillate cones with larger scales at the top ; leaves at least of the mature plants scale-like and appressed. 3. Sabina. 1. THUJA L. Arbor Vitae, White Cedar. i. t. plicata. 2. JUNIPERUS (Tourn.) L. Juniper. Low shrub with depressed branches; leaves abruptly bent at the base, deeply channeled, abruptly acute. 1. J- sibirica. Tree or erect shrub; leaves straight or nearly so, shallowly channeled, gradually acuminate. 2. d. communis . 3. SABINA Haller. Red Cedar. Fruit reddish-brown or bluish by a bloom, with dry fibrous sweet flesh. 1. S. utahensis. Fruit blue or blue-black, rarely copper-colored, with juicy resinous flesh. Trees or erect shrubs; fruit on straight peduncles. • Leaves minutely dentate at the apex; fruit 5-8 mm. in diameter. Leaves not glandular or obscurely so; seeds usually 1. 2. S. monosperma. Leaves very glandular; seeds 2 or 3. 3. S. occidcntalis. Leaves entire; fruit 4-5 mm. in diameter, usually with more than one seed. 4. S. scopnlorum. Prostrate shrub; fruit on recurved peduncles. 5. S. horizontalis. Family 3. TAXACEAE. Yew Family. 1. TAXUS (Tourn.) L. Yew. I. T. brer i folia. Family 4. EPHEDRACEAE. Joint Fir Family. 1. EPHEDRA L. Joint Fir, Brigham Tea. Scales and branches opposite; bracts opposite and coimate, only the margins scarious. Scales distinct, subpertensist; filaments free above. 1. E. antisyphylitica. Scales connate, sheatliing, scarious, deciduous; filaments adnate to the top of the bracts. Branches stout, more or less spreading; plant Ught brownish green. 2. E. nevadensis. Branches slender, erect; plant bright yellowish green. 3. E. viridis. Scales, branches, and bracts in 3's; bracts scarcely connate, those of the pistillate aments nearly wholly scarious and more or less imgiiiculate. Scales 2-3 mm. long, not becoming shreddy; fruit scabrous. 4. E. Torreyana. Scales 6-12 mm. long, becoming slu-eddy; fruit smooth. 5. E. trifurca. Class 2. ANGIOSPERMAE. Seed-vesseled Plants. Subclass I. MONOCOTYLEDONES. Family 5. TYPHACEAE. Cat-tail Family. 1. TYPHA (Tourn.) L. Cat-tail, Cat-tail Flag. Racemes with the staminate and pistillate portions usually separate; pollen of simple grains; fruiting pedicels short, 1 mm. long or less. 1. T. angustifolia. Racemes with the staminate and pistillate portions usually contiguous; pollen-grains in 4's; fruiting pedicels bristle-like, 2-3 mm. long. 2. T. lati folia. Family 6. SPARGANIACEAE. Bur-reed Family. 1. SPARGANIUM (Tourn.) L. Bur-reed. Achenes broadly obovoid or cuneate-obpyramidal, sessile, long-beaked: stigmas usually 2; leaves somewhat keeled. 1. S. eurycarpum. Achenes fusiform (in S. minimum somewhat obovoid, but then short-beaked and short- stipitate); stigmas soUtary. Stipe and beak of the fruit each 2 mm. long or more; fruiting heads 1.5 cm. in diam- eter or more; anthers 3-4 times as long as broad. Leaves, at least the middle ones, strongly triangular-keeled ; fruiting heads about 3 cm. in diameter; achenes brown, gradually tapering into the beak, which is fully as long as the body. 2. S. si7nvlex. Leaves not keeled or only slightly so, narrow and slender; stem often floaous- beak of the achenes decidedly shorter than the body. Leaves usually 5-10 mm. wide, as well as the bracts conspicuously scarious- margined; heads 1.7-2 cm. in diameter; achenes gradually beaked. 3. S. muUipedunculatum. Leaves 3-4 mm. wide, not conspicuously scarious-raargined ; heads about 1.5 cm. in diameter; achenes abruptly beaked. 4. S. angustifolium. Stipe and beak of the fruit short, less than 1 mm. long: fruiting heads about 1 cm. in diamater; stigmas oolong; anthers 1.5-2 times as long as bioad. 5. S. minimum. Family?. ZANNICHELLIACEAE. Pondweed Family. stamens 4, the connectives with dilated appendages ; drupelets sessile. 1. Potamogeton. Stamens 1-2, the connectives without appendages; drupelets manifestly stipitate. stigmas sessile; anthers 2; flowers perfect, on long peduncles. 2. Ruppia. Stigma termhiating a long style; anther 1 ; flowers monoecious, the two kinds together in the same axils. 3. Zannichellia. 1. POTAMOGETON (Tourn.) L. Pondweed, Fishweed. Species with both floating and submerged leaves. Submerged leaves bladeless. 1. P. nutans. Submerged leaves with proper blades. Submerged leaves of two kinds, oval or oblong ones and lanceolate and strongl v curved ones; floating leaves with 30 or more nerves. 2. P. amplifolius. Submerged leaves of only one kind; floating leaves with less numerous nerves. Stipules free from the petioles and blades. Submerged leaves lanceolate. Submerged leaves all petioled, more than 7-nerved. 3. P. americanus. Submerged leaves all sessile or the uppermost short-petioled. Peduncles of the same thickness as the stem ; leaves not serrulate at the apex. Plant green; submerged leaves narrower than the floating ones. 7. P. heterophyllus. Plant red; submerged leaves as wide as the floating ones or wider. 4. P. alpinus. Peduncles thicker than the stem; leaves serrulate at the apex. 5. P. auguslifolius. Submerged leaves linear. Submerged leaves of nearly the same width throughout, coarsely reticu- late in the middle. 6. P. epihydrus. Submerged leaves broader below the middle, without reticulation. 7. P. helerophyllus. Stipules adnate to the base of the Linear-setaceous submerged leaves. 8. P. diversifolius. Species with submerged leaves only. Leaves with broad blades, lanceolate or oval, many-nerved. Leaves short-petioled or sessile, not amplexicaul. 9. P. lucens. Leaves more or less amplexicaul. Leaves elongate-lanceolate, semi-ample.xicaul, cucullate; the straight apex of the embryo pointing to the base of the fruit. 10. P. praelongus. 19 20 ZANNICHELLIACEAE Leaves rounded-ovate to short-lanceolate, araplexicaul, not cucullate; the curved embryo pointing inside the base of the fruit. 11. P. Richardsonii. Leaves narrowly Linear to capillary. Stipules free from the petioles and the leaf-blades. Leaves 1.5-4 mm. wide. Species without glands at the base of the leaves; leaves with 3 principal nerves and several fine ones. 12. P. compressus. Species with glands at the base of the leaves. Glands large and translucent; nerves mostly 3; the curved end of tlie embryo pointing inside the base of the fruit. 13. P. obtusifolius. Glands small, dull; nerves of the leaves .5-7; the straight end of the embryo pointing to the base of the fruit. 1-4. P. Friesii. Leaves seldom more than 1.5 mm. wide, often less. Glands absent; nutlets keeled. 15. P. foliosus. Glands present; nutlets not keeled. 16. P. pusillus. Stipules adnate to the base of the leaves. Leaves 1.5 mm. wide or less, with entire margins. Stigma broad, sessile; nutlets indistinctly 1-keeled or keel-less. Leaves filiform, less than 0.5 mm. wide; stipular sheaths 3-8 mm. long. 17. P. filiformis. Leaves about 1 mm. wide; stipular sheaths 1-2 cm. long. 18. P. interior. Stigma capitate, on an evident style: nutlets with 2 lateral but no median keel. 19. P. pectinalus. Leaves several-nerved, 3-6 mm. wide, finely serrulate seen under a lens. 20. P. Robbinsii. 2. RUPPIA L. Sheaths 6-10 mm. long; drupe about 2 mm. long or less. Drupe very oblique; beak 0.5-1 mm. long. 1. R. marilima. Drupe scarcely oblique, almost beakless. 2. R. pectinata. Sheaths 20-40 mm. long; drupe 3-4 mm. long. 3. R. occidentalis. 3. ZANNICHELLIA (Mich.) L. i. Z. palustris. Family 8. NAJADACEAE. Najas Family. 1. NAJAS L. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, coarsely toothed; back of the leaves and internodes spiny; plant dioecious. 1. iV. marina. Leaves 0.5—1 mm. wide, finely, almost microscopically serrulate; back of the leaves and internodes imarmed; plant monoecious. Drupe shinmg, with 30-50 rows of indistinct reticulations. 2. iV. flexilis. Drupe dull, with 16-20 rows of strongly marked reticulations. 3. N. guadalupensis. Family 9. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. Arrow-grass Family. Stem scapose; leaves all basal ; flowers spicate or racemose. 1. Triglochin. Stem leafy; flowers few, in loose racemes. 2. Scheuchzeri.\. 1. TRIGLOCHIN L. Arrow-grass. Carpels 3; fruit linear -clavate, tapering at the base. 1. T. paluitris. Carpels 6; fruit oblong or ovoid, obtuse at the base. 2. 7. marilima. 2. SCHEUCHZERIA L. i. s. paiusiris. Family 10. ALISMACEAE. Water-plant.\in Family. Carpels in a ring on a small flat receptacle; flowers perfect. 1. Alis\l\. Carpels in several series on a convex receptacle; flowers monoecious or dioecious. 2. S.\GITTARIA. 1. ALISMA L. Water-plantain. Acbenes longer than wide, grooved on the back, their inner edges not meeting; pedicels straight, ascending. 1. A. brevipes. Achenes as wide as long, ribbed on the back, their inner edges meeting; pedicels recurved. 2. A. Geyeri. 2. SAGITTARIA L. Arrow-head, Swan or Swamp Potato. Leaf-blades usually without basal lobes; beak borne below the top of the achenes. 1. S. graminea. Leaf-blades or some of them sagittate or hastate, with basal lobes ; beak borne at the top of the achenes. Beak short, erect; bracts lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. Basal lobes of the leaves acute or acuminate. 2. 5. cuneata. Basal lobes of the leaves rounded or obtuse. 3. S. hebetiloba. Beak of the achenes horizontal. Beak short; basal lobes of the leaves at least twice as long as the terminal one; bracts lanceolate. 4. A', longiloba. Beak long; basal lobes of the leaves usually shorter than the terminal one; bracts ovate. 5. S. latifolia. WATER-WEED FAMILY 21 Faimly 11. ELODEACEAE. Water-weed Family. 1. PHILOTRIA Raf. Water-weed. Staminate flowers sessile, breaking off within the spathe; petals wanting. 1. P. Planchonii. Staminate flowers on elongating pedicels, carrying them to the water surface; petals present. 2. P. iowensis. Family 12. POACEAE. Grass Family. Spikelets falling from the pedicels entire, naked or enclosed in bristles or bur-like invo- lucres, 1-flowered, or if 2-flowered the lower flower staminate; no upper empty glumes; rachilla not extending above the upper glume. Spikelets roimd or somewhat compressed dorsally; empty glumes manifest; hilum punctiform. Lemma and palet hyaline, thin, much more deUcate in texture than the empty glumes. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and the other pedicellate. Tribe 1. Andropogoneae. Spikelets not in pairs (Alopecurus, Polypogon, Cinna, etc.) Tribe 6. Agrostideae. Lemma, at least that of the perfect flower, similar in texture to the empty glumes, or thicker and firmer, never hyaline and thin. Lemma and palet membranous; the first glume usually larger than the rest. Tribe 2. ZoYSlE.\E. Lemma and palet chartaceous to coriaceous, very different in color and ap- pearance from the remaining glumes. Tribe 3. Panice.^e. Spikelets much compressed laterally; empty glumes none or rudimentary; hilum linear. Tribe 4. Oryzeae. Spikelets with the empty glumes persistent, the rachilla articulated above them, 1-many- flowered; upper lemmas frequently empty; racliilla often produced beyond the upper lemma. Spikelets borne in an open or spike-like panicle or raceme, usually upon distinct pedicels. Spikelets 1-flowered. Empty glumes 4; palet l-nerved. Tribe 5. Phalarideae. Empty glumes 2, rarely 1; palet 2-nerved (except in Cinna.) Tribe 6. Agrostideae. Spikelets 2-many-flowered. Lemma usually shorter than the empty glumes; the awn dorsal and usually bent. Tribe 7. Aveneae. Lemma usually longer than the empty glumes; the awn terminal and straight (rarely dorsal in Bromus) or none. Tribe 9. Festuceae. Spikelets in two rows, sessile or nearly so. Spikelets on one side of the continuous axis, forming one-sided spikes. Tribe 8. Chlorideae. Spikelets alternately on opposite sides of the axis, which is often articulated. Tribe 10. Hordeae. Tribe 1. ANDROPOGONEAE. Racemes singly disposed; apex of the rachis-internodes with a translucent cup-shaped appendage. 1. Schizachyrium. Racemes disposed in pairs or more; apex of the rachis-mtemodes not appendaged. Rachis-uiternodes and pedicels sulcate, the median portion translucent, the margins thickened. 2. Amphilophis. Raclais-internodes not sulcate. Some or all of the racemes sessile. 3. Andropogon. All of the racemes more or less peduncled. Pedicellate spikelets wanting. 4. Sorghastrum. Pedicellate spikelets present and usually staminate. 5. HoLCUS. Tribe 2. ZOYSIEAE. Only one genus represented. 6. Pleurapiiis. Tribe 3. PANICEAE. Spikelets naked, not involucrate. Empty glumes 2. Rachis produced beyond the upper spikelet; spikelets narrow. 39. Spartina. Rachis not so produced ; spikelets globose or obovoid. Spikelets obovoid, turgid. 40. Becki\l\NNIA. Spikelets plano-convex. 7. Paspalum. Empty glumes 3. Empty glumes not awned. Spikelets in very slender 1-sided racemes, wliich are usually whorled or ap- proximate. 8. Syntherisma. Spikelets in panicles or panicled racemes. Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, long-hairy. 9. Vatjlota. Spikelets orbicular or lanceolate, if the latter, then glabrous. 10. Panichm. Empty glumes awned or awn-pointed. 11. Echinochloa. Spikelets involucrate. Involucre of bristles. 12. Chaetochloa. Involucre of two spine-bearmg valves. 13. Cenchrus. 22 POACEAE Tribe 4. ORYZEAE. Spikelets perfect; empty glumes wanting or rarely rudimentary. 14. Homalocenchrus. Tribe 5. PHALARIDEAE. Third and fourth glumes empty, awnless. 15. Ph.\laris. Third and fourth glumes enclosing staminate flowers. 16. Torresia. Tribe 6. AGROSTIDEAE. Lemma indurate when mature and very closely embracing the grain, or at least firmer than the empty glumes. Spikelets all perfect, not in pairs. Lemma 3-awned. 17. Aristida. Lemma 1-awned or awnless. Awn twisted and bent. 18. Stipa. Awn not twisted. Lemma broad; awu deciduous. Inflorescence paniculate or racemiform. 19. Oryzopsis. Inflorescence dichotomous. 20. Eriocoma. Lemma narrow, glabrous or with short, appressed hairs; awn, if any, per- sistent. 21. MtJHLENBERGIA. Spikelets in pairs, one perfect and the other staminate or sterile, in a spike-like pan- icle. 22. Ltcurus. Lemma usually hyaline or membranaceous at maturity, at least more delicate than the empty glumes. Stigma sub-plumose (i. p., with short hairs all around), projecting from the ape.x of the nearly closed glumes. Inflorescence spike-like. RachiUa of the spikelets articulated above the empty glumes, which are there- fore persistent. 23. Phleum. RachiUa of the spikelets articulated below the empty glumes, hence the spikelets falling off entire. 24. Alopecurus. Inflorescence an open small panicle; dwarf arctic-alpine plant. 25. Phippsia. Stigma plumose, projecting from the sides of the spikelets; inflorescence an open or spike-Uke panicle. Grain not permanently enclosed in the lemma and palet; pericarp opening readily at maturity. Flowering glumes long-hairy on the veins. 26. Blepharoneuron. Flowering glumes not long-hairy on the veins. 27. Sporobolus. Grain permanently enclosed in the lemma and the palet; pericarp adherent. Spikelets readily falling off when mature. 28. Polypogon. Spikelets with the empty scales at least persistent. Palet 1 -nerved and 1 -keeled; stamen 1. 29. Cinna. Palet 2-nerved and 2-keeled or sometimes wanting; stamens 3. Lemma naked at the base. 30. Agrostis. Lemma with long hairs at the base. Flowering glume and palet thin-membranous. 31. Calamagrostis. Flowering glume and palet chartaceous. 32. Calamovilfa. Tribe 7. AVENEAE. Awn of the lemma inserted dorsally below the teeth. Flowers all perfect or the upper staminate. Grain free, unfurrowed; spikelets less than 1 cm. long. Lemma erose-toothed or shortly 2-lobed at the apex. 33. Deschampsia. Lemma 2-cleft or deeplv 2-toothed at the ape.ic; teeth awn-pointed. Awn twisted and bent. 34. Trisetum. Awn if present not twisted, straight. 35. Graphephorum. Grain furrowed, adherent to the glumes; spikelets exceeding 1 cm. in length. Ovary not crowned by a villous appendage. 36 Avena. Ovary crowned by a villous appendage (awned species of) 70. Bromus. Upper flowers perfect, the lower staminate. 37. Arrhenatherum. Awn of the lemma inserted between the teeth. 38. Danthonia. Tribe 8. CHLORIDEAE. Plants with perfect flowers. Spikelets with 1 (rarely 2) perfect flowers. Spikelets deciduous as a whole; racliis articulated below the empty glumes. Rachis produced above the upper spikelet; spikelets narrow. 39. Spartina. Rachis not produced above the upper spikelet; spikelets globose. 40. Beckmannia. Spikelets with at least the empty glumes persistent. Glumes above the perfect flower none; spikes digitate, very slender. 41. Schedonnardus. Glumes above the perfect flower 1 -several; spikes scattered. Spikes closely approximate, subverticillate. 42. Chixjris. Spikes scattered. 43. Bouteloua. Spikelets with 2-3 perfect flowers; spikelets alternate. 44. Leptochlo.\. Plants dioecious; spikelets of the two sexes very unlike. 45. Bulbilis. Tribe 9. FESTUCEAE. Lemmas, at least of the pistillate spikelets, 3-lobed and 3-awned; plant dioecious. 46. SC'LEROPOGO.\. GRASS FAMILY 23 Loinmas entire or at most 3-lobed. Hairs on the rachilla or the lemma very long and enclosing the latter. 47. PHR.\GMITE3. Hairs, if any, on the racliilla and the lemma shorter than the latter. Stigmas barbellate on elongated styles; spikelets in three.s in the axils of spinescent leaves. 48. Munroa. Stigmas plumose, sessile or on short styles. Lemma 1-3-nerved. Lateral nerves of the lemmas hairy. Lemma deeply 3-lobed. Internodes of the rachilla long, often half as long as the lemma; plants without stolons. 50. Tripl.\sis. Internodes of the rachilla short, many times shorter than the lemmas. Fertile flower one, with 2 empty lemmas below and one above. 49. Blepharidaciixe. Fertile flowers 3 or more, with no empty lemmas below. 51. Dasydchloa. Lemma entire or slightly 2-lobed; internodes of the racliilla short. Inflorescence a short congested raceme; leaf-blades with thick car- tilaginous margins. 52. Erioneurox. Inflorescence a panicle; leaf-blades not with cartilaginous margins. Panicle simple or compound, the spikelets on pedicels of vary- ing length. 52. Tridens. Panicle composed of long branches, along which the appressed spikelets are arranged on short pedicels. 54. Dipl.achxe. Lateral nerves of the lemmas glabrous. Callus of the lemma copiously pubescent with long hairs; panicle open 55. Redfieldia. Callus of the lemma glabrous. Second empty glume similar to the first one or nearly so. Panicle narrow, dense and spike-like, sliining; its" branches erect. 56. Koeleria. Panicle open; its branches spreading. Rachilla continuous (except in E. megaslachya); lemma decidu- ous; palet persistent; plants of dry soil. 57. Eragrostis. Rachilla articulated; lemma and palet both deciduous with the rachilla-internodes ; water plants with 2-flowered spikelets. 58. Catabrosa. Second empty glume very unlike the first one, broad at the summit . 59. Sphenopholis. Lemma 5-many-nerved. Spikelets with two or more of the upper glumes empty, broad and enfold- ing each other. 60. Melica. Spikelets with upper glumes flower-bearing or narrow and abortive. Stigmas arising at or near the apex of the ovary. Spikelets borne in one-sided fascicles which are arranged in a glom- erate or interrupted panicle; lemma herbaceous. 61. Dactylis. Spikelets borne in panicles or racemes. Glumes more or less compressed and keeled. Spikelets cordate, large. 62. Briza. Spikelets not cordate. Plants dioecious; lemma of the pistillate spikelets cori- aceous; palet strongly 2-keeled and serrate on the margin. 63. DiSTlCHLis. Plants with perfect flowers or in some species of Poa dioe- cious; spikelets all alike; lemma tliin; palet ciliate or smooth on the margin. Lemma scarious-margined ; rachis glabrous or with webby hairs. 64. Poa. Lemma membranous, not scarious-margined; rachis with stiff hairs, extending into a hairy appendage. 35. Graphephorum. Glumes rounded on the back, at least below. Lemma with a basal ring of hairs, prominently 7-nerved, toothed at the apex. 65. Scolochloa. I.,emma naked at the base. Lemma obtuse or acutish and scarious at apex, usually toothed. Lemma distinctly 5-7-nerved; style present. 66. Panicularia. Lemma obscurely 5-nerved; style none. 67. Puccinellia. Lemma acute, pointed or more commonly awned at apex. Stigmas bilaterally pluino.se; flowers hermaphrodite. 68. Festuca. Stigmas subplumose. the branches arising on all sides; plant dioecious. 69. Hesperochlo.\. Stigmas plainly arising below the apex of the ovary which is tipped by a hairy cushion. 70. Bromus. Tribe 10. HORDEAE. Spikelets usually single at the nodes of the rachis. Empty glumes broad, with their sides turned to the rachis. 24 POACEAE Glumes broad, several-toothed or several-awned. 73. Triticum. Glumes not toothed, 1-awned or awnless. Peremiials; spikelets several-flowered. 72. Agroptron. Annuals or biennials; spikelets 2-flowered. 74. Secale. Empty glumes with their back turned to the rachis. 71. Loltom. Spikelets 2-6 at each node of the rachis, or if solitary the empty glumes arranged obliquely to the racliis. Spikelets 1-flowered or with a rudimentary second flower. 75. Hordedm. Spikelets 2-many-flowered. Racliis of spikes articulated, readily breaking up into joints. 76. Sitanion. Racliis of spikes continuous, not breaking up into joints. Empty glumes well developed. 77. Elymus. Empty glumes wanting or reduced to short bristles. 78. Hystrix. 1. SCHIZACHYRIUM Nees. Beard-grass, Bunch-grass, i. S. scoparium. 2. AMPHILOPHIS Nash. Beard-grass. l. A. saccharoidcs. 3. ANDROPOGON (Royen) L. Bluestem, Beard-grass. Lemma of the sessile spikelets with a long geniculate awn, more or less spiral at the base. Outer two glumes of the sessile spikelets more or less hispidulous all over; hairs of the racliis-internodes usually 2 mm. long or less, mostly wliite. 1. A. provincialis. Outer two glumes of the sessile spikelets smooth or nearly so, except on the nerves; hairs of the raclii.s-tnternodes 3-4 mm. long, usually yellow. 2. A. chrysocomus. Lemma of the sessile spikelets awnless or with a short straight untwisted awn. Marginal hairs of the pedicels and rachis-internodes copious, stiff. 3. A. Hallii. Marginal hairs of the pedicels and rachis-internodes scant, lax, crisp, or almos't wanting. 4. A. paucipilus. 4. SORGHASTRUM Nash. Indian Grass. i. S. nutans. 5. HOLCUS L Johnson Grass, Broom Corn, Sugar Corn. i. H. halapensc. 6. PLEURAPHIS Torr. Black Bunch-grass, Galleta Grass, Tobosa Grass. Stem and leaf-sheath, at least the lower ones, densely woolly. 1. P. rigida. Stem and leaf-sheath not woolly. Outer glumes of the spikelets cuneate, awnless ; nerves strongly divergent. 2. P. mulica. Outer glumes linear or oblong, awned; nerves parallel. 3. P. Jamesii. 7. PASPALUM Jj. Paspalum. l. P. stramineutr . 8. SYNTHERISMA Walt. Crab-grass. Pedicels terete or nearly so, sparingly if at all hispidulous; lower sheaths glabrous; lerani brown in fruit. Spikelets more than 2 mm. long. 1. S. Ischaemum Spikelets 1.2.5-1.5 mm. long. 2. S. paniceum. Pedicels sharply 3-angled, the angles strongly hispidulous, as also the sheath; lemma wliite in fruit. Spikelets about 2.5 mm. long; third glume with the nerves strongly hispid above the middle. 3. S. sanguinale. Spikelets 3 mm. long or more; third glume with the nerves smooth or nearly so. 4. S. marginatum. 9. VALLOTA Chase. l. v. sacchamtn. 10. PANICUM L. Panic-grass, Witch-grass. Inflorescence truly paniculate. Basal leaf-blades long and narrow; spikelets lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate. Annuals. Branches of the panicle widely spreading, the well developed pulvinus in their a.xils long-hairy; spikelets lanceolate, acuminate. 1. P. barbipuhinatum. Branches of the panicle ascending, rarely spreading, the pulvinus glabrous or sparingly hairy; spikelets ovate to ellipsoid, acute. 2. P. capillare. Perennials, with long scaly rootstocks and stolons. 3. P. tirgatum. Basal leaf-blades ovate to lanceolate, obtuse. Spikelets less than 2 mm. long. Stem and sheaths sparingly pubescent, with spreading papillate hairs. Vernal leaves glabrous or nearly so on the upper side. Autumnal stems brandling from the lower nodes, forming a spreading bunch, 1-1.5 dm. liigh. 4. P. occidentale. Autumnal stems branching from the middle nodes, forming widely spreading mats. 5. P. tennesseense. Vernal leaves pubescent on the upper side, especially towards the base. Spikelets 1.8-2 mm. long; autumnal form decumbent- spreading. 6. P. pacificum. Spikelets 1.6-1.8 mm. long; autumnal form not decumbent-spreading. 7. P. Huachucae. GRASS FAMILY 25 Stem and sheaths densely soft- pubescent ; hairs scarcely papillate. 8. P. thermale. Spikelets more than 2 mm. long. Blades of stem-leaves elongated, narrowly linear Spikelets glabrous or with a few scattered hairs; stem branching only at the base. 9. P. perlongum. Spikelets densely pubescent; stem brandling above. 10. P. Wilcoxianum. Blades of stem-leaves lanceolate. 11. P. Scribnerianum. I/ifiorescence with racemiform branches. 12. P. oblusum. 11. ECHINOCHLOA Beauv. Barnyard Gr.\ss, Jungle Rice. i. E.Crus-galli. 12. CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Foxtail Gras.s. Inflorescence with the spikelets racemosely arranged; bristles 5-16 at the base of each spikelet, involucrate, tawny-orange. 1. C. glauca. Inflorescence with the spikelets in clusters on the branches; bristles 1-3 at the base of each spikelet, not involucrate. Second glume of the spikelet as long as the lemma, or very nearly so; annuals. Panicle usually 1 cm. tliick or less; bristles commonly green; spikelets about 2 mm. long. 2. C. viridis. Panicle usually 1-3 cm. thick; bristles usually purple; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long. 3. C. italica. Second glume manifestly shorter than the lemma; perennials. 4. C. composila 13. CENCHRUS L. Bur-grass, Sandbur, Sandspur. i. C. caroUnianus. 14. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. Rice Cut-grass. i. H. oryzoides. 15. PHALARIS L. Canary-grass. Outer glumes not winged: inflorescence a narrow panicle. 1. P. arundinacea. O uter glumes winged ; inflorescence a spike or spike-like panicle. Spikelets narrow; third and fourth glumes much reduced; blades subulate-linear, hairy. 2. P. caroliniana. Spikelets broad; third and fourth glumes thin, membranous; blades lanceolate, glabrous, rarely sparingly hairy. 3. P. canariensis. 16. TORRESIA R. & P. Sweet Grass, Holy Grass. i. T. odorata. 17. ARISTIDA L. Poverty Grass, Wire-grass. Awns neither twisted nor bent. Panicle narrow; branches erect or ascending. First tilume much shorter than the second. Spikelets not crowded, usually 1-3, on branches naked at the base; awn over 2 era. long; peremiials. Second glume of the spikelets 2 cm. long or more, 1.5-2 times as long as the lemma. 1. A. longiscta. Second glume of the spikelets 1.5 cm. long or less, scarcely exceeding the lemma. 2. A. Fendleriana. Spikelets crowded, 4-6 on the short branches, spikelet-bearing to near the base; awn less than 2 cm. long; annuals. Stem 3-6 dm. high; first glume 7-8 mm. long; middle awn 10-16 mm. long leaf-blades usually flat. 3. A. fasciculata. Stem 1-3 dm. high; first glume 4-6 mm. long; middle awn 6-8 mm. long; leaf-blades strongly involute. 4. A. bromoides. First glume nearly equalhng the second; perennials with a dense panicle. 7. A. arizonica.. Panicle open; branches 3-forked, divergent. 5. A. Humboldtiana. Middle awn twisted and divaricately bent near the base. 6. A. Curtissii 18. STIPA L. Spear Gr.iss, Porcupine Gr.\ss, Devil's Darning-needles, Feather Grass. Outer glume of the spikelet 2 cm. long or more. Awn plumose. 1. S. neo-mexicana. Awn not plumose. Base of the panicle exserted; lemma more than 12 mm. long; a^vn straight above the bend. Lemma 20-25 mm. long. 2. S. spartea. Lemma 12-15 Tnm. long. 3. S. Tweedyi. Jase of the panicle usually included m the upper sheath; lemma 8-12 mm. long; awn slender and curled above the bend. 4. S. comata. Outer glume of the spikelet 1.5 cm. long or less. Panicle loose and open; branches spreading or reflexed. Awn plumose. 5. S. Porteri. Awn not plumose. Callus acute; lemma 7-8 mm. long. 6. S. Richardsonii. Callus short, blunt; lemma about 4 mm. long. 7. S. canadensis. Panicle dense and spike-like. Awn glabrous, scabrous, or strigose, not plumose. 2G POACEAE Lemma long-hairy towards the apex. Lemma about 5 mm. long. Glumes green, rarely slightly tinged with purple; lemma nearly glab- rous below. 8. S. Leltermanii. Glumes purpUsh with paler margins; lemma pubescent throughout, though more densely so above. 9. S. pineinnun. Lemma about 8 mm. long. 10. S. Scribneri. Lemma equally hairy throughout. Sheaths glabrous. Empty glumes scarious or hyaline; their nerves hence prominent. Lemma 4-6 mm. long, spindle-shaped when mature; callus short. Stem-leaves broader than the basal leaves, often flat; sheaths with a ring of hairs at the throat. 11. S. viriduli. Stem-leaves as well as the basal leaves very narrow, involute; sheaths glabrous. Plant green; s heat lis close; inflorescence distinctly e.xserted. 12. S. Columbiana. Plant pale and glaucous; sheaths loose; inflorescence included or barely exserted; awn glabrous. 13. S. arida. Lemma 6-7 mm. long, almost cylindric; callus long and pointed. 14. S. Nelsonii. Empty glumes firm, thickisli, herbaceous; the nerves not prominent. Lemma about 5 mm. long; leaf-blades narrow and involute. 15. 5. minor. Lemma 8-10 mm. long; leaf-blades broad. Panicle slender; stem low and slender. 9. S. Scribneri. Panicle stout and dense; stem tall and stout. 16. S. Vaseui. Sheaths and lower leaf-blade pubescent. 17. S. Williajnsii. Awns plumose or subplumose at least below. Hairs of the awns less than 1 mm. long; empty glumes 10-12 mm. long. Ligules 1 mm. long or less. Sheaths, at least the lower ones, hairy. IS. S. Elmeri. Sheaths glabrous. 19. S. oregonensis. Ligules 2-4 mm. long. 20. S. Thurberiana. Hairs of the awns 3-6 mm. long; empty glumes 15-18 mm. long. 21. S. speciosa. 19. ORYZOPSIS Michx. Mountain Rice. Lemma glabrous, or pubescent with short appressed hairs. Spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 2.5-5 mm. long; leaves slender and involute. Awn less than 2 mm. long, much shorter than the glume; outer glumes 3-4 mm. long. 1. O. pungens. Awn 4—8 mm. long, much longer than the glume. Inflorescence very narrow, with short erect branches ; outer glumes 3-5 mm. long. 2. O. exigua. Inflorescence at length open, with long spreading or reflexed branches ; outer glume about 2.5 mm. long. 3. O. micrantha. Spikelets, exclusive of the awn, 6-8 mm. long; leaves broad and usually flat. 4. O. asperifolia. Lemma with long loose hairs. Inflorescence open; plant 3-6 dm. high. 5. O. Bloomeri. Inflorescence narrow and spike-like; plant 1-3 dm. high. 6. O. Webberi. 20. ERIOCOMA Nutt. Indian Millet, Wild Rice. i. E. hymenoidrs. 21. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Panicle contracted, narrow, spike-like, the short branches rarely spreading. Empty glumes awl-shaped; leafy and branched plants, with long rootstocks covered by imbricated scales. Lemma not awned; basal hairs not equalling the lemma. Empty glumes about equalling the lemma in length, sharp-pointed, aboiit 3 mm. long. 1. M. meiicana. Empty glumes exceeding the lemma, generally twice as long, awned, about 5 mm. long. 2. A/, racemosa. Lemma distinctly awned; basal hairs equalling the lemma. 3. M. comata. Empty glumes lanceolate to ovate. Second glume not toothed or slightly so. Lemma awnless oi rarely very short-awned. Empty glumes more than half as long as the lemma. Plant 1.5-7 dm. high; sheaths close; empty glumes acuminate, lanceolate. Lemma scabrous, green or dark. • Panicle dense, obtuse, 5-10 mm. wide. 4. At. Wrightii. . Panicle slender and lax, attenuate at the apex, less than 5 mm. wide. 5. M. cuspidata. Lemma more or less purplish, sparingly long-hairy. 6. A/. Thurberi. Plant less than 1.2 dm. high; sheaths loose; lower leaves lanceolate, short, squarrose; empty glumes ovate, acute. 7. A/, squarrosa. Empty glumes less than half as long as the lemma, obtuse or abruptly acute. Spikelets (excluding the awn if present) 1.5 mm. or more long. Plant with a strong perennial, scaly rootstock. GRASS FAMILY 27 Empt> glumes less than one-fourth as long as the lemma; stem diffuse, decumbent or creeping; plant not tufted. 8. M. Schrebcri Empty glumes one-tliird as long as the lemma or longer; stem erect or decumbent at the base only; plant tufted. 9. A/. Richardsonis. Plant annual ; rootstock, if any, -very slender. Lemma merelj awn-pointed, decidedly purplish; plant 1-2 dm. high. Spikelets 2 mm. long or more; inflorescence short and rather dense; stem 0.5-1 mm. thick. 10. M. simplex. Spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; inflorescence slender and lax; stem very slender, filiform. 11. M. fllifonnis. Lemma with a distinct awn 0.5-1 mm. long, greenish; plant 4-6 cm. high. 12. M. aristata. Spikelets about 1 mm. long; plant less than 4 cm. high, annual. 13. M. Wolfii. Lemma long-awned. Leaf-blades erect, glabrous or minutely scabrous ; stem and sheaths glabrous. Lemma glabrous; rootstock short and woody. 14. M. pauciflora. Lemma pubescent on the lower half; rootstock slender, creeping, branched. 15. M. polycaulis. Leaf-blades spreading, as well at the stem below the nodes and the sheaths scabrous-puberulent ; lemma pubescent on the lower half; rootstock creeping. 16. M. curtifolia. Second glume sharply 3-5-toothed; flowering glume long-awned; awn at least one-half as long as the glume. Stem 3-6 dm. high, leafy; panicle 7-12 cm. long; awn 8-15 mm. long. 17. M. gracilis. Stem 1-3 dm. high, almost naked above; panicle 3-7 cm. long; awn 1-4 mm. long. Spikelets 3^ mm. long; awn 2-4 mm.; leaf-blades usually stiff. 18. M. subalpina. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; awn 1-2 mm.; leaf-blades filiform. 19. M. filiculmis. Panicle open, its branches long and spreading. Plants densely cespitose, branched onlj at the bse. Secondary branches of the panicle single; bsal leaves short, strongly recurve 1. 20. A/, gracillima. Secondary branches of the panicle fascicled; basal leaves not recurved. 21. M. pungens. Plants diffusely branched, prostrate. 22. M. Porteri. 22. LYCURUS H.B.K. Texas Timothy. l. L. phleoides. 23. PHLEUM L. Timothy. Spikes usually elongated-cylindric ; awns less than one-half the length of the outer glumes. 1. P. pratense. Spikes short, ovoid or oblong; awns about one-half the length of the outer glumes. 2. P. alpinum. 24. ALOPECURUS L. Foxtail. Awn about twice as long as the lemma. Spikes 8-12 mm. thick; empty glumes 3.5-4.5 mm. long, abruptly acuminate. 1. A. occidentalis. Spike about 5 mm. thick; empty glumes about 3 mm. long, obtuse. Stem erect, 3-5 dm. high, slightly if at all geniculate at the base, pale: ligules 4-5 mm. long, acutish. 2. A. pallescens. Stem decumbent, and geniculate at the base, 1-1.5 dm. high; ligules 2 mm. long, obtuse. 3. A. Macounii. Awn scarcely exceeding the lemma. Stem erect, 1.5-5 dm. high; spike cylindric, obtuse. 4. A. aristulatus. Stem geniculate at the base, 1-5 cm. high; spike oblong, acute. 5. A. caespitosus. 25. PHIPPSIA R. Br. 1. P. algida. 26. BLEPHARONEURON Nash. i. B. tricholepis . 27. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Drop-seed, Rush-grass. Perennials. First glume one-half as long as the second or less; plants not with long, scaly roos- stocks. Branches of the panicle verticillate. 1. S. argutus. Branches of the panicle scattered. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; first glume lanceolate. Sheath naked or sparingly ciliate at the throat; empty glumes glabrous. Plant 3 dm. liigh or less; spikelets long-pedicelled; sheaths sparingly villous. 9. S. texanus. Plant 5-10 dm. high; spikelets short-pedicelled ; sheaths glabrous. 2. S. airoides. Sheath with a conspicuous tuft of hairs at the throat; empty glumes scab- rous on the keel. Leaf-blades widely spreading, involute; sheath pubescent with long hairs, at least towards the base. 3. S. Nealleyi. 28 POACEAE Leaf-blades not widely spreading; sheaths glabrous, except the apex, and slightly on the margins. Panicle narrow and spike-like. 4. S. strictus. Panicle not spike-like. Panicle always e.Kserted, oblong, comparatively narrow; its lower branches but little, if any, exceeding the upper ones. 5. S. flexuosus. Panicle usually more or less included in the sheath: its lower branches much exceeding the upper ones. 6. S. cryptandrus. Spikelets 4.3-5 mm. long; first glume subulate, usually awned. 7. S. heterolepis. First glume almost equalling the second; plants with long, scaly rootstocks. 8. S. asperifolius. Annuals; empty glumes almost equal, ovate. 10. S. confusus. 28. POLYPOGON Desf. Beard-grass. i. P. monspelicnsis. 29. CINNA L. Reed-grass. i. C. lati folia. 30. AGROSTIS L. Red-top, Bent-grass, Tickle-grass. Rachilla prolonged above the palet, naked or minutely pubescent; lemma equalling the empty glumes; palet nearly as long. Spikelets about 3 nun. long, purple; racliilla one-third to one-half as long as the flower. 1. A. aequivalvis. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; rachilla less than one-third as long as the flower. Empty glumes dark purple, broadly lanceolate, abruptly acute or acuminate; inflorescence short and open; stem few-leaved. 2. A. atrata. Empty glumes green, only tinged with purple towards the tip, narrowly lanceolate, gradually acute; inflorescence long and narrow; stem leafy. 3. A. Thurberiana. Rachilla not prolonged above the palet; lemma shorter than the empty glumes. Palet evident, 2-nerved, at least one-fourth as long as the lemma. Empty glumes obtuse, scabrous on the back; panicle dense; branches flower- bearing from the base, verticillate. 4. A. stolonifera. Empt.v glumes acute or acuminate, glabrous or scabrous on the keel only. Plant erect or decumbent at the base, but not extensively stoloniferous. Plant tall, usually over 3 dm. high; panicle large, open; spikelets over 2 mm. long. 5. A. alba. Plant 1 ow, slender, 1-3 dm. high; panicle narrow; spikelets about 2 mm. long or less. Lemma nearly as long as the empty glumes; palet about two-thirds as long as the lemma; plant erect. 6. A. humilis. Lemma one-third shorter than the empty glumes; palet about one-half as longas the lemma; plant decumbent at the base. 7. A. depressa. Plant extensively stoloniferous; stolons with short leaves; palet one-fourth to one-half as long as the lemma. 8. A. re plans. Palet lacking or minute. Plant with creeping rootstock. 9. A. foliosa. Plant tufted, without creeping rootstock. Panicle dense and narrow; branches ascending or erect, flower-bearing to near the base. Plant over 3 dm. liigh; empty glumes 2.5-3 ham. long. Panicle lobed or interrupted; branches densely verticillate and flower- bearing to the base; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, gradually attenuate; ligules 4-5 mm. long, lacerate; leaf-blades 6-10 mm. wide. 10. .4. grandis. Panicle usually contiguous; branches few and some naked at the base; empty glumes lanceolate, abruptly pointed; ligules 2-4 mm. long, entire or toothed ; leaf-blades 2-5 mm. wide. 11. A. asperifolia. Plant 1-2 dm. high; empty glumes 2 mm. long or less. Basal leaf-blades flat, 2 mm. wide; lemma two-tliirds as long as the empty glumes, obtuse. 12. A. Rossae. Basal leaf-blades 1 mm. wide or less, conduplicate; lemma three-fourths as long as the empty glumes, acute. 13. A. variabilis. Panicle open; branches more or less spreadmg, or sometimes I'eflexed. Lemma awnless or with a very short awn. Panicle oblong-ovold, its branches ascending. Plant 1-4 dm. high; empty glumes unequal, 1.5-2 mm. long. 14. A. idahoensis. Plant 3-6 dm. high; empty glumes equal or nearly so, 3 mm. long. 15. A. oregonensis. Panicle triangular-ovoid or broadly conic; branches at least in age divaricate or even reflexed. Leaf-blades filiform, 1 mm. wide or less, usually involute; the basal ones numerous; upper sheaths close. 16. A. oreophila. Leaf-blades usually flat, 1-3 mm. wide; upper sheaths loose. 17. A. hyemalis. Lemma awned; awn equalling or exceeding the glume. Panicle open, difl'use; branches spreading or ascending. Leaf-blades about 0.5 mm. wide; panicle broadly conic; branches very scabrous, in age spreading or reflexed. 18. A. geminaia. Leaf-blades 1-2 mm. wide; panicle ovoid; branches ascending. 19. A. Bakeri. Panicle narrow; branchas nearly erect. 20. A. melaleuca. GRASS FAMILY 29 31. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Reed-grass. Awn of the lemma geniculate, exserted; callus-hairs usually much shorter than the glume Awns of the lemma greatly exceeding the empty glumes; plant tufted; leaf-blades involute. Empty glumes very scabrous throughout; marcescent basal leaf-sheaths very long, loose and numerous. 1. c. purpurascens Empty glumes nearly glabrous, except on the keels; marcescent basal leaf-sheaths short and few. 2. C. Vaseyi. Awns of the lemma about equalling the empty glumes. Empty glumes sharply keeled; spikelets strongly compressed; plant stoloiiiferous . 3. C. montanensis. Empty glumes not strongly keeled; spikelets not strongly conpressed; plants tufted. Leaves usually involute; panicle very dense. Panicle very narrow, spike-like, usually red-purplish. 4. C. rubescens. Panicle lance-oblong, usually pale green. .5. C. Suksdorfii. Leaves usually flat; panicle ovoid, open. 6. C. luiurians. Awn of the lemma straight or nearly so, included; callus-hairs usually equalling the lemma (except in C. scopulorum and C. Cusickii). Panicle open, the lower branches spreading; leaf-blades usually flat; callus-hairs nearly or quite equalling the lemma. Empty glumes 4-6 mm. long, narrow, sharp-acuminate; awn of the lemma at- tached below the middle, exceeding the lemma. 7. C. Langsdorfii. Empty glumes 2-4 mm. long; awn of the lemma aotached at or above the middle, shorter than the lemma. Awn attached near the middle of the lemma; spikelets usually purple. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long: panicle loosely flowered. 8. C. canadensis. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long; panicle densely flowered. 9. C. Macouniana. Awn attached near the apex of the lemma; spikelets pale or white. „ . , , 10. C. blanda. Panicle more or less contracted. Leaf-blades flat or nearly so. Empty glumes smooth or nearly so, except on the veins. Callus-hairs copious, at least two-thirds as long as the lemma; plant with a rootstock. II. C. Scribneri. Callus-hairs sparse, much shorter than the lemma. Plant tall, 9-12 dm. high; sheaths bearded at the summit; plant with a rootstock. 12. C. Cusickii. Plant lower, 3-8 dm. high; sheaths not bearded; plant tufted. ^ , 13. C. scopulorum. Empty glumes verj scabrous; plant tufted. 14. C. elongala. Leaf-blades strongly involute. Panicle open. 15. C. lucida. Panicle dense, narrow, spike-like. Spikelets 2 ram. long; empty glumes tliickish, barely acute or obtusi.sh. „ ., , 16. C. micrantha. Spikelets 3-4.5 mm. long. Plant scarcely cespitose; empty glumes long-acuminate. Leaves filiform, soft; plant 4-6 dm. lilgh, slender; empty glumes minutely scabrous on the veins. 17. C. neglecta. Leaves stiff and hard; plant 8-12 dm. high; empty glumes strongly .scabrous. 18. C. inerpansa. Plant densely cespitose; empty glumes abruptly acute or short-acumin- ate, very scabrous. 19. C. americana. 32. CALAMOVILFA Hack. Reed-grass, Sand-gr.\ss. i. c. longifolia. 33. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Hair-grass. Empty glumes not extending beyond the apex of the upper lemma; lower empty glume 1-nerved; densely cespitose tufted perennials. Leaves neither stiff nor pungent. Awn inserted one-third to one-fifth from the base of the lemma; branches of the inflorescence at last spreading or reflexed. Awns long-exserted, at least half longer than the lemma. Empty glumes 3-4 mm. long; leaves flhform, revolute, scarcely 1 mm. wide; plant 2-3 dm. high. 1. D. curtifolia. Empty glumes 4-5 mm. long; leaves broader and often flat, 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; plant 3-5 dm. high. 2. D. alpicola. Awns scarcely exserted beyond the lemma. 3. D. caespitosa. Awn inserted near the base of the lemma, slightly if at all exceeding it; branches of the inflorescence ascending. 4. D. confinis. Leaves arcuate, strongly involute, very stiff and pimgent. 5. D. pungens. Empty glumes extending beyond the apex of the upper lemma. Spikelets usually dark purple; empty glumes lanceolate, purple, about 5 mm. long, the lower 1-nerved. 6. D. atropurpurea. Spikelets light green; empty glumes linear-lanceolate, both 3-nerved. Spikelets 3-5 mm. long; tufted perennials. Leaves filiform-involute; sheaths close; spikelets 3-4 mm. long. 7. D. elongala. Leaves involute but not filiform, or the stem-leaves flat; upper sheaths loose; spikelets 4-5 mm. long. 8. D. ciliata. Spikelets 5-8 mm. long; annuals. 9. D. calycina. 30 POACEAE 34. TRISETUM Pers. False Oat. Inflorescence lanceolate, open; lower empty glume shorter than and scarcely more than half as broad as the upper; leaf-blades broader than the sheaths and therefore with auricles at the base. Lemma about 7 mm. long; sheaths hairy. 1. T. canescens. Lemma about 5 mm. long; sheaths glabrous. Ovary pubescent at the apex; panicle loose; its branches spikelet-bearing above the middle. 2. T. cernuum. Ovary glabrous; panicle denser; its branches spikelet-bearing to the base. 3. T. montanum. Inflorescence dense, oblong or oblong-lanceolate; lower empty glume nearly as broad as the upper; leaf-blades not broader than the sheaths, not auricled. Leaf-sheaths and blades long-hairy ; upper part of the stem densely pubescent. 4. T. subspicatum. Leaf-sheaths and blades glabrous or the lowest sheath short-pube.scent, with reflexed hairs; stem glabrous or slightly scabrous in the inflorescence. 5. T. ma jus. 35. GRAPHEPHORUM Desv. Empty glumes nearly equal; inflorescence narrow. Sheaths and upper surface of the leaves pubescent; spikelets 3-flowered. 1. G. muticum. Sheaths and leaves scabrous. Empty glumes barely equalUng the lemma; spikelets 2-flowered; rudiment long- hairy. 2. G. Wolfii. Empty glumes longer than the lemma; spikelets 3-4-flowered; rudiment short- hairy. 3. G. Brandegei. Empty glumes imequal; inflorescence open. 4. G. Shearii. 36. AVENA (Tourn.) L. Oats. Perennials, with rootstocks; empty glumes 5-12 mm. long; lemma hairy at the base. Empty glumes shorter than the flowers; panicle lax, narrow, and somewhat nodding; plant not tufted. 1. A. striata. Empty glumes longer than the flowers; panicle narrow and spike-Uke, strict; plant tufted. Plant 1-1.5 dm. liigh; leaves strongly involute; caUus of the lemma and prolonga- tion of the rachilla long-hairy. 2. .4. Mortoniana. Plant 2-4 dm. high; leaves mostly flat; caUus and rachilla short-hairy. 3. A. Hookeri. Annuals; panicle open; empty glumes over 2 cm. long; spikelets 2-4-flowered. Lemma hairy, at least at the base: awn strongly twisted. 4. A. fatua. Lemma glabrous; awn scarcely twisted. 5. A. saliva. 37. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Oat-grass. i. A. elatius. 38. DANTHONIA DC. Wild Oat-grass. Lemma hairy on the back; inflorescence spike-like, with short, erect branches. Empty glumes 15-20 mm. long, long-acuminate. 1. D. Parryi. Empty glumes 8-13 mm. long, acute. Empty glumes 11-13 mm. long, conspicuously nerved, broad; teeth of the lemma subulate, 1-2 mm. long. 2. D. thermalis. Empty glumes 8-10 mm. long, narrow; teeth of the lemma ovate, often only 0.5 mm. long. 3. D. spicata. Lemma glabrous on the back. Empty glumes acute; inflorescence spike-like, with erect branches; stem-leaves erect. 4. D. intermedia. Empty glumes long-acuminate; inflorescence racemiform or spikelet solitary; stem- leaves spreading or ascending. Lemma abruptly acuminate; spikelets usually 2-10, on spreading peduncles. 5. D. californica. Lemma not abruptly acuminate; spikelet usually solitary, if more than one, the peduncles erect. 6. D. unispicata. 39. SPARTINA Schreb. Marsh-grass. First glume awn-pointed, equalling the lemma; second glume long-awned. 1. S. pectinata First glume acute, shorter than the lemma; second glume acute. 2. S. gracilis. 40. BECKMANNIA Host. Slough Grass. i. B. erucaeformis. 41. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. l. S. paniculaius. 42. CHLORIS S\v. l. C. brevispica. 43. BOUTELOUA Lag. Grama, Gr.ama Grass, Mesqdite Grass, BuFF.ALO Grass Spikes 1-4, rarely more; spikelets 25 oi more. Spikes usually more than one. Awns manifestly arising from between the lobes of the lemma; annual. 1. B. polystachija. Awns terminating the lobes of the lemma; cespitose tufted perennials. Stem densely villous below. 2. B. eriopoda. GRASS FAMILY 31 stem glabrous. liacliilla bearing the rudimentary glumes and awns glabrous; second glume strongly papillose-hispid on the keel. 3. B. hirsuta. Rachilla bearing the rudimentary glumes and awns with a tuft of Igon hairs at the apex; second glume scabrous and sparingly long-ciliate on the keel. Spike solitary; tufted annual. Spikes 12 or more; spikelets in each few, less than 12. 44. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv. 45. BtJLBILIS Raf. Buffalo Grass. 46. SCLEROPOGON Philippi. i 47. PHRAGMITES Trin. Reed, Cane-grass. 48. MUNROA Torr. False Buffalo Grass. 49. BLEPHARIDACHNE Hack. 50. TRIPLASIS Beauv. Sand-grass. 51. DASYOCHLOA WiUd. 52. ERIONEtjRON Nash. 53. TRIDENS R. & S. Second empty glume 1-nerved. Second emptj glume 3-5-nerved. 54. DIPLACHNE Beauv. 55. REDFIELDIA Vasey. Blow-out Grass, Sand-grass. 56. KOELERIA Pers. June Grass. 57. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. 4. B. gracilis. 5. B. procumbens. 6. B . curtipendula . 1. L. filiformis. I. B. dactyloides. S. Karwinskyanus . 1. P. Phraymilex. 1. M. squarrosa. 1. B. Kingii. I. T. purpurea. 1. D. pulchella. 1. E. piloaum. 1. T. muticus. 2. T. elonnatus 1. D. acuminata. 1. R. flexuosa. 1. K. gracilis. Stink-grass, Skunk-grass. Plant extensively creeping, rooting at the nodes; plant dioecious. I. E. hypnoides. Plant not creeping, not rooting at the nodes; flowers perfect. Annuals, much branched, ascending or decumbent and geniculate at the base. Spikelets about 3 mm. broad; first empty glume only slightly shorter than the second. 2. E. megdstachya. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. broad; first empty glume only two-thirds as long as the second. Inflorescence open; branches at last more or less spreading; spikelets dark green or lead-colored. 3. E. Purshii. - Inflorescence narrow; branches erect or strongly ascending; spikelets light yellowish green. 4. E. lutescens. Perennials, rigid, erect, often tufted. Spikelets scattered on the long branches. Branches of the panicle widely spreading in age. .5. E. peclinacea. Branches of the panicle erect or strongly ascending. Spikelets 3-9-flowered, on pedicels much longer. 6. E. Irichodes. Spikelets 8-15-flowered, on pedicels scarcely as long. 7. E. neo-mexicana Spikelets clustered on short branches. 8. E. secundiflora. 58. CATABROSA Beauv. Brook-grass. i. C. aquaiica. 59. SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn. Second empty glume much wider than the lemma, rounded or truncate and somewhat cucullate at the apex. Intermediate nerves of the second glume almost as prominent as the lateral ones; leaf-blades firm, much broader than the sheaths and therefore with prominent auricles. 1. S. robusta. Intermediate nerves of the second glume faint, the lateral ones strong; leaf-blades soft, not much wider than the sheaths; auricles not prominent. 2. S. obtusala. Second empty glume oblanceolate, not much wider than the lemma, obtuse or acute. Second empty glume rather firm, as well as the lemma obtusish. 3. S. intermedia. Second empty glume thin and with a broad, scarious margin, acutish ; lemma acute. 4. S. pallens. 60. MELICA L. Melic-grass. Lemma notched at the apex, awned. Lemma neither notched nor awned. Lemma attenuate at the apex. First empty glume 4 mm. long; second 5-6 mm. long. First empty glume 6 mm. long; second about 8 mm. long. I. M. Smithii. M. subulata. M. Pammelii. 32 POACEAE Lemma obtuse. Stem bulbous at the base. Panicle narrow; lemma 7-8 mm. long. Spikelets usually nodding, flattened; second empty glume shorter than the first flower. 4. M. spectabilis. Spikelets erect, terete; second empty glume as long as the first flower. 5. M. bella. Panicle open; lemma 6 mm. long. 6. M. Macbridei. Stem not bulbous at the base. 7. M. Porteri. 61. DACTYLIS L. Orchard-grass. i. D. qlomeraia. 62. BRIZA L. Quaking Grass, Quake-grass. l. B. maxima. 63. DISTICHLIS Raf. Alkali Grass, Salt-orass, Spike-grass. Pistillate spikes 4-5 mm. wide; their floral glumes about 1.5 mm. wide in side-view: palet scabrous-ciliate on the keels; leaf-blades 2 mm. wide or less. 1. D. stricta. Pistillate spikes 5-8 mm. wide; their floral glumes about 2 mm. wide in side-view: palet distinctly dentate on the margins; leaf-blades usually over 2 mm. wide. 2. D. dentata. 64. POA L. Blue-grass, Meadow-grass. Annuals, but tufted; spikelets 3-5-flowered. I. Anxuae. Cobweb at the base of the lemma present, although scant in some species; lemma acute or acutish, except in P compressa and P. lanata, and usually strongly keeled. Intermediate nerves of the lemma strong. Branches of the inflorescence in fruit ascending, the lower in 3's or 4's; lemma acutish; cobweb copious; rootstock creeping. II. Pratenses. Branches of the inflorescence in fruit refle.xed or at least spreading; lemma usually acuminate or very acute; cobweb scant or sometimes none. Spikelets many, Ught green; branches of the inflorescence numerous, the lower in 3's" or 4's, or 5's; rootstock creeping. III. PL.\TYPHyLLAE. Spikelets few, usually more or less purple, except in P. leptocoma; branches of the inflorescence few, the lower usually in 2's, rarely in 3's, spikelet- bearing towards the ends. IV. Reflexae. Intermediate nerves of the lemma faint or obsolete. Stem compressed; lemma obtuse. V. COMPRESSAE. Stem not compressed; lemma acute or acuminate. Branches of the panicles reflexed; rootstock creeping. VI. Apertae. Branches of the panicles not reflexed. VII. Triflorae. Cobweb wanting. Spikelets rounded at the base; empty glumes very broad and their keel strongly arched; low tufted perennials, with short open panicle and broad leaves. VIII. Alpixae. Spikelets acute at the ba.se; empty glumes narrower, not strongly arched on their keels. Plants with horizontal creeping rootstocks; not bunch-grasses. Spikelets strongly compressed; lemma strongly keeled, strongly 5-nerved, conspicuously scabrous; glumes very acute. IX. Wheeleri.\xae. Spikelets not stronglv compressed; lemma neither strongly compressed nor strongly nerved (e.xcept in P. pra(fns!/o/-wis), not conspicuously scabrous. Lemma acuminate, dark purple; innovations extravaginal. X. Phoenice.\e. Lemma obtuse or acutish, green or merely tinged with purple; innova- tions both extra- and intra vaginal. XI. Aridae. Plants without extravaginal rootstocks; densely tufted bunch-grasses. Lemma 3-4 mm. long. Low alpine plants, with narrow panicles of few purphsh spikelets; lemma ovate. XII. RUPICOLAE. Slender plants, 4-5 dm. high, with open panicles; lemma narrowly lanceolate in side-view. XIII. ISIultnomae. Lemma 5 mm. long or more; plants comparatively robust. Spikelets decidedly flattened; lemma acute and keeled on the back. Pubescence on the nerves of the lemma, if any, not stronger than on the internerves; flowers perfect. Inflorescence dense and spike-like. XIV. Epile.s. Inflorescence open; branches spikelet-bearing towards their ends. XV. Gracillimae. Pubescence of the nerves of the lemma viUous or pilose, that of the internerves none or almost none; plants dioecious. XVI. Fendlerianae. Spikelets little flattened; lemma rounded on the backs towards the apex, almost straight, obtuse. XVII. Buckleyanae. I. Anxuae. Low, 1-2 dm. high; branches of the panicle spreading. 1. P. annua. Taller, erect, 2-5 dm. high; branches of the panicle erect. 2. P. Bigelovii. II. Pratenses. Lemma 3-4 mm. long; ligule truncate. 3. P. pratensis. Lemma 5 mm. long; ligule not truncate. 4. P. rhizomata. GRASS FAMILY 33 III. Platyphyllae. Ligules truncate or abruptly acute. 5. P. occidentalis. Ligules lanceolate, long attenuate. 6. P. callida. IV. Reflexae. Cobweb present but often scant. Lemmas obtuse; cobweb dense. 7. P. lanata. Lemmas acute or acuminate; cobweb scant. Internerves of the lemma more or less pubescent, at least below. Spikelets 3-4-flowered; stem-leaves usually folded or involute; plant usually less than 3 dm. high, tufted. Internerves of the lemma short-pubescent below; leaves filiform, involute; those of the sterile shoots usually arcuate. 8. P. cenisia. Internerves of the lemma long-hairy, at least below; leaves 1-2 mm. wide, usually conduplicate, rather firm. Plant low, 1-3 dm. high, usually cespitose; lemma acute. 9. P. arclica. Plant tall, 3-5 dm. high, not cespitose, with a creeping rootstock; floral glumes acuminate. 10. P. lonaipila. Spikelets 5-7-flowered; leaves all flat, 3-4 mm. wide; stem fully 3 dm. high. 11. P. callichroa. Internerves of the lemma glabrous; plants with creeping rootstocks. Intermediate nerves of the lemma pubescent; plant 3 dm. or less high; leaves mostly basal, firm; stem-leaves 1-2, usually conduplicate. 12. P. pudica. Intermediate nerves of the lemma glabrous; plant usually over 3 dm. high; stem-leaves several, flat and flaccid. Hairs of the midnerves and lateral nerves copious and spreading. Lemma ovate, abruptly acute, usually purple. 13. P. reflexa. Lemma lanceolate, gradually acute, usually pale green. 14. P. nervosa. Hairs of the midnerves and lateral nerves few and appressed or none. 1.5. P. leplocoma. Cobweb lacking: internerves and the intermediate nerves glabrous; midnerves and lateral nerves hairy; habit like P. arciica. 16. P. alpicoln. V. COMPRESSAE. One species. 17. P. compressa. VI. Apert.ae. Branches of the inflorescence short, usually in pairs. 18. P. aperta. Branches of the inflorescence very long, in 3's to 5's. 19. P. macroclada. VII. Triflorae. Lemma 5 mm. long. 4. P. rhizomata. Lemma 3 mm. long or less. Stem stout; leaves 2-5 mm. wide; ligule 3-4 ram. long, triangular; branches of the panicle at last spreading; second glume narrower than the lemma, three- fourths as long or more. 20. P. triflora. Stem slender; leaves seldom over 2 mm. wide; ligule about 1 mm. long, truncate; branches of the panicle ascending or erect. Flowers green; the second empty glume with broad, scarious margins and strong lateral nerves Inflorescence with erect branches; second empty glume narrower than the lemma. 21. P. subtrivialis. Inflorescence with ascending branches; second empty glume not narrower than the lemma. 22. P. interior. Flowers usually purple-tinged; scarious margin of the empty glumes scarcely evident and lateral nerves famt. 23. P. crocata. VIII. Alpixae. One species. 24. P. alpina. IX. Wheeleri.\xae. Lower sheaths retrorsely strigulose. Internerves of the acute lemma merely strigulose or scabrous. Nerves of the lemma scabrous; ligules short, truncate. Branches of the inflorescence ascending. 25. P. OIneyae. Branches of the inflorescence refle.xed. 26. P. subrefleia. Nerves of the lemma silky or villous on the lower portion. Ligules 2 mm. long, truncate; leaf-blades narrow, ascending. 27. P. Wheelcri. Ligules 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, acuminate; leaf-blades broad, spreading. 28. P. Vaseyana. Internerves of the obtusish lemma villous, at least below. 29. P. tricholepis. I^eaf-sheaths all glabrous and smooth. Ligules lanceolate, acute, 3 mm. long. 30. P. Tracyi. Ligules truncate, about 1 mm. long. 31. P. curta. X. Phoexiceae. Plant tall, 4 dm. high or more; nerves and internerves of the lemma villous. 32. P. Grayana. Plant low, usually less than 3 dm. high; internerves of lemma glabrous. 16. P. alpicola. 34 POACEAE XI. Aridae. Internerves of the lemma pubescent, at least below; stem stout; inflorescence dense; ligules acute. Intermediate ner\'^s of the lemma strong; plant tall; glumes 5 mm. long. 33. P. pratensiformis. Intermediate nerves of the lemma weak; glumes 3-4 mm. long. Keel and the marginal nerves of the lemma villous; empty glumes equalling the lemma. 34. P. arida. Keel and marginal nerves of the lemma short-hairy, with appressed hairs; empty glumes shorter than the lemma. 35. P. Sheldoni. Internerves of the lemma glabrous; stem slender; inflorescence open; ligule obtuse. 36. P. glaucifoUa. XII. RUPICOL.\E. Midnerve and lateral nerves of the lemma pubescent; plant strict, 1-5 dm. high. Cobweb at the base of the flowers scant; stem slender and leafy, iisually 3-5 dm. high. 23. P. crocala. Cobweb none; stem 1-2 (seldom 3) dm. liigh, leafy mostly at the base. Flowering glumes 3 mm. long or less, firm, obtuse. 37. P. rupicola. Floweruig glumes about 4 mm. long, acute, thin. 38. P. Pattersoni. Nerves of the lemma glabroiLs; plant seldom over 5 cm. high. 39. P. Letlermani. XIII. MULTNOMAE. One species. 40. P. Mullno>7iae. XIV. Epiles. Plant green; lemma purple or dark green, abruptly acute; ligules acute. Blades of the stem-leaves about 3 mm. wide, flat; lemma more than 5 mm. long. dark purple. 41 . P. paddensis. Blades of the stem-leaves 1-2 mm. wide; lemma 4-5 mm. long. Lemma purple, minutely scabrous, nearly smooth. 42. P. Cusickii. Lemma green, only tinged with purple, hispidulous-scabrous. 43. P. epilis. Plant pale; lemma very pale, long-attenuate or subcuspidate; leaves all fiUform. Ligules lanceolate, acuminate. Panicle thick; branches with several 5-7-flowered spikelets; leaves very scabrous. 44. P. scaberrima. Panicle narrow, slender; branches very short, with 1-2, only 2-4-flowered spike- lets. 45. P. nemalophylln. Ligules oblong, 1 mm. long, trimcate; panicle dense and spike-Uke. 46. P. suharistala. XV. GRACII.LIMAE. Lemma Imear-lanceolate, 5-6 mm. long. 47. P. idahoensis. Lemma ovate, 4-5 mm. long. Plant 1-3 dm. high; panicle with ascending branches and many spikelets. 48. P. gracillima. Plant 0.5-1.5 dm. high; panicle with divaricate Iiranches and few spikelets. 49. P. Vaseyochloa. XVI. FENDLEniAXAE. Ligules 5-7 mm. long, acute or acuminate. 50. P. longiligula. Ligules short, roimded or truncate, or those of the innovations obsolete. Leaf-blades erect; spikelets 3-5- (rarely 6-7-) flowered. Lemma oblong; leaf-blades very slender, scabrous. 51. P. scabriuscula. Lemma ovate; leaf-blades more rigid. Panicle very narrow, its branches erect and spikelet-bearing to the base; lemma 4 mm. long. 52. P. longipeduncitlata. Panicle more open, its branches ascending, usually naked at the base. Plant low; panicle short; lemma 3.5-4 mm. long. 53. P. hrevipaniculata. Plant tall; panicle elongated; lemma 5 mm. long. 54. P. Fendleriana. Leaf-blades spreading; spikelets 7-9- (rarely 5-6-) flowered. 55. P. Eatoni. XVII. BUCKLEYANAE. Ligules lanceolate, acuminate or attenuate. Empty glumes strongly nerved, elongate-lanceolate, almost equalling the very scab- rous or strigose lemma. Leaves 4-6 mm. wide, flat. 56. P. Canbyi. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, conduplicate or involute. Lemma strongly scabrous; leaves stiff; plant stout. 57. P. nevadensis. Lemma strigose, at least below; leaves flliform, flaccid; plant slender. 58. P. Helleri. Empty glumes not strongly nerved, ovate-lanceolate, usually much shorter than the lemma. Plant yellowish green; spikelets yellowish or straw-colored. Lemma merely scabrous. 59. P. laevigata. Lemma more or less strigose on the lower portion. 60. P. lucida. Plant dark green; spikelets dark green or purplish. Leaf-blades almost 2 mm. wide, flat or conduplicate; lemma more than 4 mm. long. 61. P. Bucklcyana. Leaf-blades le^s than 1 mm. wide, fihform, involute; lemma less than 4 mm. long. 62. P. Sandbergii. GRASS FAMILY 35 Ligules 1-2 mm. long, truncate, rounded or abruptly acute. Plant 2-4 dm. high; leaves mostly basal and stiff, short, seldom 8 cm. long; ligules rounded. 63. P. juncifolia. Plant taller, 4-10 dm. high, leafy; leaves longer. Internerves of the lemma glabrous; nerves silky. 36. P. glaucifolia. Internerves of the lemma as well as the nerves scabrous. Leaves filiform, less than 1 mm. wide. 64. P. brachyglossa. Leaves flat or involute, but not filiform, 2-5 ram. wide. Ligules ovate or rounded.acute or obtuse ;leaves soft. 65. P. confuaa. Ligules truncate; leaves stiff. Inflorescence very narrow; branches erect. 66. P. truncata. Inflorescence more open, lobed; branches ascending. 67. P. ampla. 65. SCOLOCHLOA Link. \. S. fesiuc:ma. 66. PANICULARIA Fabr. Manna-grass. Spikelets ovate or oblong, 6 mm. long or less. Lemma 7-nerved, obscurely denticulate at the apex. Spikelets 2-4 mm. long; lemma broadly oval, 1.5-2 mm. long. Leaf-blades flat and lax; lemma slightly scarious-margined; branches of the inflorescence long; empty glumes obtuse. Plant slender; branches of the mflorescence strongly ascending, nodding. 1. P. nervata. Plant stout; branches of the inflorescence spreading or reflexed, not nodding. 2. P. elata. Leaf-blades condupUcate, stiff, ascending; lemma distinctly scarious-mar- gined; branches of the inflorescence short, strongly ascending, not droop- ing. 3. P. rigida. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long; lemma narrowly oval, 2-3 mm. long; inflorescence ample; branches Anally spreading. Lemma barely scarious-margined; empty gliunes acute, lanceolate. 4. P. grandis. Lemma with broad scarious margins; empty glumes obtuse. 5. P. pulchella. Lemma 5-nerved, distinctly dentate at the apex, broadly scarious-margined. Spikelets 4-6-flowered. 6. P. pauciflora. Spikelets 2-flowered. 7. P. Holmii. Spikelets linear, 10 mm. long or more; lemma 7-nerved, erose. Spikelets 10-17 mm. long, onpedicelsatleast one-third their length. 8. P. borealis. Spikelets 15-20 mm. long, subsessile or nearly so. 9. P. septentrionalis. 67. PUCCINELLIA Pari. Meadow-grass. Leaves mostly basal; panicle less than 1 dm. long. 1. P. Lemmoni. Leaves scattered on the stem; panicle usuafly more than 1 dm. long. Lemma 2-2.5 mm. long, distinctly nerved. 2. P. Nullalliana. Lemma 2 mm. long or less, obscurely nerved. 3. P. tenuiflora. 68. FESTtJCA L. Fescue-grass. Perennials; stamens 3. Leaf-blades of the innovations narrow, 3 mm. wide or less, involute. Innovations extravaginal ; i. e., plants with creeping rootstocks and stolons; leaves smooth. Spikelets pubescent. 1. F. Kilaibeliana. Spikelets glabrous or scabrous. Body of the lemma .5-7 mm. long; leaf-blades rather firm. Stem-leaves with flat ))lades; innovations numerous. 2. F. rubra. Stem-leaves with filiform involute blades; innovations few. 3. F. vallicola. Body of the lemma about 4 mm. long; leaf-blades filiform, soft. 4. F. Earlei. Innovations intra vaginal ; plants bimch-grasses. Ligules short, truncate or roimded. Body of the lemma 3-8 mm. long ; leaf-blades long, persistent on the sheaths ; palet obtuse or 2-toothed at the apex. Pulvini at the bases of the branches of the panicle none or obsolete; tufts easily separable. Lemma (without the awns) 3-4-mm. long, not half longer than the first glume; plant 1-2 (rarely 3) dm. high; inflorescence spike-like. Lemma lanceolate, long-acuminate and long-awned; panicle dense; leaf-blades short, scarcely filiform. Leaf-blades soft and sulcate, at least in age. 5. F. brachyphylla. Leaf-blades firm and terete, even in age. 6. F. supina. Lemma oblong-lanceolate, abruptly contracted into a short awn ; panicle lax; leaf-blades narrowly flhform and soft. 7. F. minutiflora. Lemma (without the awns) 5-8 mm. long; plant usually over 3 dm. high. Old sheaths of the innovations brown and papery. 8. F. calligera. 36 POACEAE Old sheaths of the innovations neither brown nor papery. Basal leaf-sheatlis short remaining involute in age; blades of stem-leaves rarely 8 cm. long. Awn short, less than half as long as the lemma; inflores- cence dense and narrow. 9. F. sazimontana. Awn long, from nearly equalling to much exceeding the lemma; inflorescene open. Awn little if at all exceeding the lemma in length; ovary glabrous. Leaves scabrous. 10. F. ingrata. Leaves smooth. 11. F. idahoensis. Awn much exceeding the lemma: ovary hLspidulous at the apex. 12. F. occidenlalis. Basal sheaths long and becoming flattened in age, often 1 dm. long; blades of the stem-leaves over 1 dm. long. 13. F. arizonica. Pulvini at the bases of the branches of the panicle rather conspicuous; tufts separable with difficulty. 14. F. tiriduia. Body of the lemma 8-12 mm. long; leaf-blades soon breaking off from the sheath; palet notched at the apex; bunch-grasses. Branches of the panicle spreading or reflexed; spikelets shining; leaves smooth beneath. 15. F. altaica. Branches of the panicle erect or ascending; spikelets rather dull; leaves very scabrous. Plant 5-l.T dm. high; basal sheaths long, loose, in age more or less flattened; empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate: second glume shorter than the spikelet. 16. F. carjipestris. Plant 3-0 dm. high; basal sheaths usually short and close even in age; empty glumes acute, lanceolate; second glume about equal- ling the spikelet. 17. F. scabrella. Ligules elongate, 4-9 mm. long, acute. 18. F. Thurberi. Leaf-blades all flat, 4 mm. wide or more; perennials with rootstocks. Lemma abruptly acute, not at all keeled. 19. F. elatior. Lemma awned or awn-pointed, keeled at least above the middle. Awn or awn-point shorter than the lemma. Lemma distinctly 5-nerved; awn from the cleft apex; panicle ciliate. 20. F. dasyclada. Lemma with indistinct intermediate nerves: awn terminal: panicle not ciliate. 21. F. sororia. Awn longer than the lemma. 22. F. subulala. Annuals; stamens usually solitary. Spikelets .5-13-flower"ed; both" glumes subulate. 23. F. octoflora. Spikelets loosely l-.5-flowered; first glume subulate, the second lanceolate. Branches of the shdrt panicle normally divergent, a pulvinus at the base of at least one of them. Spikelets usually 3-5-flowered, only the main branches of the inflorescence divergent. 24. F. pacifica. Spikelets usually 1-3-flowered; all branches divergent or reflexed. 25. F. reflp.xa. Branches of the elongated narrow panicle erect and appressed. 26. F. megalura. 69. HESPEROCHLOA (Piper) Rydb. i. H. Kingii. 70. BROMUS L. Brome-grass, Chess, Cheat. Second empty glume 5-7-nerved; first empty glume 3-nerved. Lemma compressed-keeled. Palet less than three-fourths as long as the lemma, which is scarcely toothed. Sheaths and usually also the blades hairy; lemma pubescent or hispidulous- scabrous. Lemma hispidulous-scabrous. Awns 10-15 mm. long. 1. B. Honkerianus. Awn 4-6 mm. long. 2. B. Flodmanii. Lemma pubescent; awns 4-8 mm. long. Lower branches of the panicle 7 cm. long or less, in fruit erect. Leaves flat, not canescent. 3. B. breviarislatus. Leaves involute, canescent. 4. B. siibvelutinus. Lower branches of the panicle 1 dm. long or longer, spreading in fruit. 5. B. lalior. Sheaths and blades glabrous or minutely scabrous. Panicle narrow, strict; awn 4-6 mm. long. 6. B. polyanthus. Panicle open, spreading and nodding; awn 6-7 mm. long. 5. B. paniculatus. Palet more than three-fourths as long as the lemma, which is distinctly toothed at the apex. 8. B. tinioloides. Lemma rounded on the back, broadly elliptic; introduced tufted annuals or biermials. Lemma nearly as broad as long, awnless or \vith a very short awn. 9. B. brizaeformis. Lemma much longer than broad, conspicuoiLsly awned. Lemma and glumes glabrous. Awn much shorter than the lemma, nearly erect. Sheaths glabrous. 10. B. secalinus. Sheaths densely pubescent. 11. B. racemosus. GRASS FAMILY 37 Awn fuUv as long as the lemma, at maturity strongly divergent; sheaths pubescent. 12. B. palulus. Lemma and glumes more or less pubescent. 13. B. hordeaceus. Second empty glume 3-nerved; first empty glume 1-nerved, except in B. Porteri. Awns shorter than the lemma; plants perennial with rootstocks, all native except B. inermis. Inflorescence more or less drooping. Awn 6-9 mm. long; empty glumes sparingly pubescent or glabrous. 11. B. eximius. Awn 2-5 mm. long. Empty glumes decidedly pubescent. First empty glume :i-nerved: inflorescence nan ow. 15. B. Porleri. First empty glume 1-nerved; inflorescence open. Sheaths with a ring of dense hairs at the base of the blades. 16. B. latiglumis. Sheaths without a ring of hairs. 17. B. purgans. Empty glumes glabrous or merely scabrous on the nerves. Lemma evenly pubescent on the back; sheaths densely hairy. 18. B. lanatipes. Lemma ciliate on the margins, glabrous or sparingly hairy on the back: sheatlis glabrous or the lower sparingly hirsute. 19. B. ciliatus. Inflorescence not drooping. Inflorescence narrow; its branches erect; lemma usually with awn 2-3 mm. long. 20. B. Pumpellianus. Inflorescence broad: its branches spreading; lemma usually awnless. 21. B. inermis. Awn longer than the lemma; introduced tufted annuals. Spikelets numerous on slender, recurved pedicels; lemma 8-12 mm. long. 22. B. teclorum. Spikelets few; pedicels not recurved; lemma 12-30 mm. long. Awn less than 3 cm. long. 23. B. sterilis. Awn 3.5-4 cm. long. 24. B maximus. 71. LOLIUM L. Darxei., Rye-gr.\ss. Empty glumes shorter than the spikelet: perennial. 1. L. perenne. Empty glume longer than the spikelet; annual. 2. L. temulentum. 72. AGROPYRON Gaertner. Wheat-grass, Quitch-grass, Quick-grass. Uachis of the spike breaking up at maturity, the internodes falling with the spikelets; lemma long-awned. 1. A. Scribneri. Kachis of the spike remaining continuous. Tufted plants with intra vaginal innovations; no horizontal stolons (except in A. arizonicum). Lemma long-awned, i. e., the awn usually longer than the body of the lemma. Basal leaf-blades shorter than the upper ones; spikelets slightly compressed; awns somewhat spreading. 2. A. Gmelini. Basal leaf-blades longer than the upper ones. Awn divergent. Spikelets remote on the axis, more or less compres.sed. Spikelets erect, empty glumes nearly equalling the spikelet. 3. .4. Vaseyi. Spikelets spreading or ascending: empty glumes half as long as the spikelet. Empty glumes linear-oblong, acute or obtuse; stem-leaves 3 or 4, not glaucous. 4. A. spicatum. Empty glumes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or awm-pointed ; stem-leaves 6 or 7, glaucous. 5. A. arizonicum. Spikelets crowded on the axis, subterete. 6. A. Bakeri. Awns erect. Plant tall, usually more than 3 dm. high, erect or ascending; empty glumes broadest below the middle; spike elongated. Stem stout; spike 7-10 mm. tliick, erect, but usually unilateral; spikelets (exclusive of the awns) 15-25 mm. long. 7. A. Richardsoni. Stem slender; spike about 5 mm. thick, seldom unilateral; spikelets (exclusive of the awns) about 1 cm. long. 8. A. caninoides. Plant 2-3 dm. high, decumbent at the base, geniculate; empty glumes broadest above the middle, scarious-margined ; spike short and dense. 9. A. andinum. Lemma short-awned or awnless. Spikes stout and dense, 3-8 cm. long; empty glumes broadest above the middle. Lemma densely pubescent; empty glumes conspicuously white-margined. , 10. A. latiglume. Lemma glabrous or scabrous; empty glumes not conspicuously white- margined. 11. A. biflorum. Spike slender and lax, 7-20 cm. long; empty glumes broadest below the middle. Spikelets terete, appressed; empty glumes nearly as long as the spikelets. 12. A. tenerum. Spikelets flattened; empty glumes much shorter than the spikelets. 13. A. inermc. Stoloniferous plants with horizontal rootstocks, sometimes slightly tufted; innova- vations extravaginal. 38 POACEAE Lemma with a long, more or less divergent awn. Lemma pubescent. 14. A. albicans. Lemma glabrous or scabrous. Spikelets subterete, appressed. 15. A. Griffithsii. Spikelets compressed, spreading. 5. A. arizonicum Lemma awnless or with a very short erect awn; empty glumes usually narrowly lanceolate, acuminate. Sheaths conspicuously pilose. 16. A. Palmcri. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so. Lemma glabrous or merely scabrous. Spikelets erect, nearly cylindric or slightly compressed. Spike elongate; empty glumes nearly equalling the spikelets. 17. A. pseudorppens. Spike short; empty glumes about half as long as the spikelets. 18. A. riparium. Spikelets much flattened, spreading. 19. A. Smithii. Lemma from villous to hispidulous. Lemma short-pubescent. Spikelets compressed, more or less spreading; lemma acuminate or strongly acute. 20. A. molle. Spikelets terete or nearly so, erect; lemma obtuse or acutish. Spike loose, elongate; lemma sparingly pubescent. 21. A. lanceolatum. Spike dense and short; lemma densely pubescent. 22. A. subvillosuni. Lemma long-villous. 23. A. dasystachyitm. 73. TRITICUM L. Wheat. Empty glumes distinctl.v keeled only at the apex; grain dull, neither glossy nor semi- translucent. 1. T. aestirum Empty glumes distinctly keeled, almost winged, to the base; grain glossy, often some- what translucent. 2. T. durum. 74. SECALE L. Rye. i. s. cena'c 75. HORDEUM L. Barley, Squirrel-tail, Foxtail. Lateral snikelets sessile; annuals. Lemma not awned, the awns represented by chartaceous lobes. 1 . H. acgiceras. Lemma awned. 2. H. vulgare. Lateral spikelets .stalked; lemma awned. Floret of the central spikelet sessUe. Empty glumes of the central spikelets lanceolate. 3. H. pusilluni. Empty glumes of central spikelet not lanceolate. Inner empty glumes of ttie lateral spikelets broadened. 4. //. marilimum. Empty glumes all setaceous. Lateral floret not awned. Plant low, 5-25 cm. loigh; upper sheaths inflated. 5. H. depressum. Plant taller, 2-6 dm. high; upper sheath not conspicuously inflated. Lateral floret neutral or staminate; lemma of the central floret 6-8 nim. long. 6. H. nodosum. Lateral floret usually perfect; lemma of the central flower 10 mm. long. 7. //. boreale. Lateral florets long-awned. Awn 2-3 cm. long. 8. H. caespitosum. Awn 4-6 cm. long. 9. H. jubatum. Floret of the central spikelets stalked. Empty glumes not ciliate. 10. H. montanense. Empty glumes or some of them ciliate. 11. H. murinum. 76. SITANION Raf. Empty glumes lanceolate, scarious-margined. Leaf-blades not wliite-margined. 1. S. lanceolalum. Leaf-blades white-margined. 2. 5. marqinatum. Empty glumes setaceous, or cleft into setaceous divisions, not scarious-margined. Empty glumes setaceous, entire; lowesl flower perfect. Lemma soft^pubescent. 3. S. pubiflorum. Lemma glabrous. 4. S. elymoides. Empty glumes or some of them 2-cleft; lowest flower rudimentary. Lemma pubescent; sheatlis and blades densely pubescent. Blades and sheatlis short-hairy, subvelutinous. Awns at least 4 times as long as the lemma. 5. S. Ihjstrix. Awns 2-3 times as long as the lemma. 6. S. cinereum. Blades and sheatlis long-hairy. 7. S. ciliatum. Lemma glabrous or scabrous. Empty glumes subulate-lanceolate, bifid about two-thirds their length. 8. S. insulare. Empty glumes setaceous, or cleft to near the base into setaceous divisions. Sheaths and blades more or less long-pubescent. Lemma glabrous. 9. S. molle. Lemma scabrous. 10. S. strigosum. Sheaths and blades glabrous, scabrous, or puberulent; lemma smooth below, scabrous above. GRASS FAMILY 39 Awns of the lemma 3-4 cm. long, divergent; plant very low. 11. S. Ticiidum. *wns of the lemma 4-7 cm. long; plant taller, more than 2 dm. high. Leaf-blades 2-5 mm. broad, flat or slightly involute. Plant perfectly glabrous; awn ascending. 12. S. glahrum. Plant puberulent or scabrous; awns divergent. 13. S. montanum. Leaf-blades 1-2 mm. broad, strongly involute. 14. S. basalticola. 77. ELYMUS L. Lyme-grass, Wild Rye, Rye-guass, Bupralo Rye. Lemma long-awned. Spike broad; spikelets spreading. Emptj glumes lanceolate to lanceolate-subulate; spike dense. Empty glumes lanceolate, 5-7-nerved, thick and strongly curved at the base; spike erect. Plant robust; spike scarcely exserted; lemma glabrous or nearly so. 1. E. virginicus. Plant slender; spike long-exserted ; lemma scabrous-hispidulous. 2. E. jejunus. Empty glumes narrowly linear-lanceolate, neither conspicuously thickened nor curved at the base; spike often nodding. Empty glumes usually minute, less than 15 mm. long. 4. E. diversiglumis. Empty glumes 15-30 mm. long. Lemma lursute or villous. 3. E. canadensis. Lemma hispidulous-scabrous to glabrous. Robust; spike usually included at the base; leaf-blades 8-15 mm. wide. 5. E. robustus. Slender; spike long-exserted; leaf-blades seldom more than 5 mm. wide. 6. E. brachi/stachys. Empty glumes setaceous, hirsute; lemma hirsute; spike laxer. 7. E. striatus. Spike narrow; spikelets erect, appressed. Lemma pubescent. Empty glumes lanceolate, 5-nerved. 8. E. vulpinus. Empty glumes lance-subulate, indistinctly veined. 9. E. angustus. Lemma scabrous or glabrous. Empty glumes lanceolate, acuminate or short-awned, 2-5-nerved. Spilce dense; spikelets more or less imbricate. Plants not tufted, with rootstocks; leaf-blades spreading. Sheaths and blades glabrous; glumes scabrous, at least above. 10. E. glaucus. Sheaths and lower leaf-blades pubescent; glumes glabrous. 11. E. marginalis. Plants tufted; leaf-blades ascending. 12. E. nitidus. Spike lax; spikelets distant; glumes glabrous. 13. E. Petersonii. Empty glumes linear-subulate. Spike 7-8 mm. thick; awns 30-40 mm. long. 14. E. Saundersii. Spike 5 mm. thick; awns 5-10 mm. long. 15. E. Macounii. Lemma awnless or short-awned; awn less than one-third the length of the body. Empty glumes strongly 3-5-nerved. iSmpty glumes thickened and strongly curved at the base, not scarious-margined . 16. E. curvatus. Empty glumes neither thickened nor strongly curved at the base, more or less scarious-margined. 17. E. Howellii. Empty glumes 1-nerved or indistinctly 3-nerved. Lemma glabrous or hispidulous Empty glumes aristiform or narrowly subulate. Plant stout, 1-2 m. high, tufted; spikelets 2-6 at each joint; lemma scab- rous-hispidulous. 18. E. condensatus. Plant slender, 3-10 dm. high; spikelets 1 or 2 at each joint. Lemma broadly lanceolate, acute or awn-pomted; rachis scabrous on the sharp angles; spikelets erect; plant with a horizontal root- stock. 19. E. triticoides. Lemma narrowly lanceolate; raclils nearly terete, strigose; plant tufted. Spikelets usually in pairs; lemma awn-pointed. Lemma glabrous. 20. E. ambiguus. Lemma scabrous or scabro-strigose. 21. E. strigosus. Spikelets usually singly; lemma acuminate or acute. 22. E. salinns. Empty glumes lanceolate-subulate, tapering from the rather broad base; lemma glabrous. 23. E. simplex. Lemma pubescent. Plants tufted; lemma long-attenuate, short-awned. 24. E. villiflorus. Plants not tufted, or somewhat so in E. cinereus, with horizontal rootstocks; lemma not long-attenuate. Lemma appressed-pubescent. Stem, sheath, and leaves glabrous or minutely strigulose. 25. E. arenicola. Stem, sheath, and leaves densely short pubescent. 26. E. cinereus. Lemma with spreading pubescence. Spike long; empty glumes lanceolate, silky-villous. 27. E. flavescens. Spike short; empty glumes subulate, scabrous. 28. E. innovatus. 78. HYSTRIX Moench. i. H. Hystrir. 40 CYPERACEAE Family 13. CYPERACEAE. Sedge Family. Flowers all perfect, or at least one in each spikelet perfect. Glumes of the spikelets 2-ranked. Perianth represented by bristles; inflorescence axillary. 1. DULICHIUM. Perianth wanting; spikelets in terminal, solitary or umbellate heads. 2. Cyperus. Glumes of the spikelets spirally imbricate. Base of the style persistent as a tubercle on the achene. Basal empty glumes several. 3. Rynciiospor.^. Basal empty glumes wanting, or 1 or 2. Spikelets solitary ; stem leafless; bristles usually present. 4. Eleocharis. Spikelets several or numerous ; stem leafy ; bristles none. 5. Stekophylll'S. Base of the style not persistent as a tubercle. Base of the style swollen ; bristles none. 6. Fimbri.stylis. Base of the style not swollen; bristles usually present. Flowers without any inner scales. Bristles much elongating in fruit, silky. Bristles 6, but each 4-6-cleft to near the base, therefore appearing numerous. 7. Eriophorxtm. Bristles 6, simple, crisp. 8. Leucocom.v. Bristles short, or little elongating, rarely wanting. 9. Scirpus. Flowers with a small Inner scale between the flowei and the rachis. 10. Hemicarph.\. Klowers monoecious or dioecious. Achenes not enclosed in a perigynium. Spikes several, clustered ; glumes .subtending a single flower. 1 1 . Kobre.sia. Spikes solitary ; glumes subtending 2 flowers. 12. Elyn.\. Aclienes enclosed" in a perigynium. 13. Oarex. 1. DULICHIUM L. C. Rich. l. D. arundinaccinn. 2. CYPERUS L. Galingale, Nut-grass. Glumes falling away from the persistent racMs of the flat spikelets. Style 2-cleft; achenes lenticular. 1. C. diandrus. Style 3-cleft; achenes 3-angled. Wings of the racliis none or very narrow. Annuals: stamen 1. Glumes awned or mucronate. 2. C. inflexus. Glumes acute, neither awned nor mucronate. 3. C. acuminatus. Perennials; stamens 2 or 3. Glumes tipped with a ciu-ved or bent awn; perennials with a rootstock. 4. C. Fendlerianus, Glumes blunt or mucronate; perennials with a corm-like base. Heads oblong; spikelets ascending; stem rough. 5. C. Schweinitzii. Heads short; spikelets more or less spreading; stem smooth. Glumes broadly ovate; achenes 1 .5-2 mm. long. 6. C. Houghtoni. Glumes oblong-ovate; achenes 2-2.5 mm. long. 7. C. Bushii. Wings of the racliis prominent and separating from it as interior scales. 8. C. erythrorhiros. Spike ets wholly falUng away, usually leaving the two lower glumes persistent. 9. C. slrigosus. 3. RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Be.\ked Rush. i. R. alba. 4. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Spike-rush, Wire-grass. Style-branches 2; achenes lenticular or biconvex. Sheath hyaline, and scarious at the summit. 1. E. thermalis. Sheath firm, not scarious at the summit. \nnuals, with fibrous roots. Achenes black, shining. 2. E. atropurpurca. Achenes pale brown, dull. Spikelets narrowly oblong or subcylindric ; glumes blunt, closely appressed. 3. E. Engelmanni. Spikelets lance-ovoid or lance-oblong; glumes acutish, more spreading. 4. E. monticola. Perennials, with rootstocks. 5. E. paluslris. Style-branches 3; achenes trigonous or turgid; perennials, with rootstocks. Achenes canceUate and longitudinally ribbed; spikelets flat. 6. E. acicularis. Achenes smooth, papillose or reticulate. Tubercle of the achenes short-conic to depressed, plainly distinguishable from the achene. Achenes papillose. Stem filiform; glumes obtuse. 7. E. tenuis. Stem flat; glumes acute. 8. E. acuminata. Achenes liiiclv nticulated. 9. E. arenicola. Tubercle of the achenes long-conic, scarcely distinguishable from the body of the achene. 10. E. rostellata. 5. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. l- S. capillaris. SEDGE FAMILY 41 1. 2. E. E. Scheuchzeri. Chamissonis. 3. 4. E. E. calUtrix. opacum. 5. E. gracile. 6. 7. E. E. anguslifoUmn. viridicarinalum. 6. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. l. F. interior. 7. ERIOPHORUM L. Cotton-grass. Spikelets solitary; involucre wanting. Plant stoloniferoiis. Glumes purplish-brown with narrow, pale margins. Glumes purjilish-brown with white, broad margins. Plant tufted, not stoloniferous. Upper sheaths inflated; stem rough above. Upper sheaths not inflated; stem smooth. Spikelets several, subtended by foliaceous bracts. Leaf-blades triangular-channeled throughout. Leaf-blades flat, at least below the middle. Midrib of the glumes not prominent at the tip of the glume. Midrib of the glumes prominent to the very tip. 8. LEUCOCOMA Ehrh. Alpine Cotton-grass. i. L. alpina. 9. SCIRPUS L. Bulrush, Club-rush, Tule. Involucre of a single bract or wanting. Spikelets soUtary, rarely two together; plants tufted (except No. .5). Annuals; stamens 2; bristles none. 1. S. coloradensis. Perennials, with rootstocks. Involucre none. 2. S. pauciflorus. Involucre present, consisting of one erect bract. Bract scarcely exceeding the spikelet, often shorter; bog plants. Bristles 6, longer than the achenes. 3. S. caespitosus. Bristles none. 4. S. pumilus. Bract at least twice as long as the spikelet; aquatic plants. 5. S. subterminalis. Spikelets normally more than one, usually several, sometimes numerous. Spikelets few, 1-12, appearing lateral, in a single capitate cluster. Annuals, with fibrous roots, tufted; achenes dark, transversely wrinkled. Spikelets obtuse; achenes plano-conve.x. 6. S. Hallii. Spikelets acute; achenes 3-angular. 7. S. sazimontanus. Perennials, with rootstocks; achenes plano-convex, obovate. Stem sharply 3-angled. Spikelets acute; bracts long; glumes awned. 8. S. americanvs. Spikelets obtuse: bracts short; glumes mucronate. 9. S. Olneyi. Stem terete, striate. 10. S. nevadensis. Spikelets numerous in small clusters of 1-7, arranged in compound umbels; per- ennials with stout rootstocks. Style 2-cleft; achenes obovate and plano-conve.x, brown. Achenes 2 mm. long, nearly as long as the glumes; spikelets ovoid. 11. S. validus. Achenes 3 mm. long, distinctly shorter than the glumes; spikelet oblong- cylindric. 12. S. occidenlalis . Style 3-cleft; achenes obcordate, 3-angled, yellowish. 13. S. heterochaetus. lnvoluci"e of two or more leaves with flat blades; perennials, with rootstocks. Spikelets 3-10, capitate, relatively large. 14. 5. paludosus. Spikelets numerous, in compound umbels or in umbellate heads, relatively small. Bristles downwardly barbed, not much exceeding the fruit. Style-branches 2; achenes plano-convex; bristles mostly 4. 1.5. S. microcarpus. Style-branches 3; achenes oblong, 3-angular; bristles 6. Plant dark green; glumes acute; achenes pale brown. 16. .S. atronrens. Plantpale;glumesrough-awned:aclienesstraw-colored. 17. S. pallidus. Bristles 6, smooth, much exceeding the glumes at maturity; achenes 3-angled, whitish. Spikelets all sessile; glumes brown. 18. S. cyperiniis. Spikelets mostly pediceled; glumes mostly greenish black. 19. S. alrocinctus. 10. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. l. H. aristulata. 11. KOBRESIA Willd. l. K. bipartiia. 12. ELYNA Schrad. l. E. Bellardi. 13. CAREX (Rupp.) L. Sedge.* Spike one, androgynous; perigynia glabrous, thin, not margined or triangular, beaked; style withering, not continuous with the achene; stigmas tiiree. Pistillate scales oensistent; perigynia not stipitate, not becoming reflexed. Spike linear or linear-oblong; perigynia not inflated. 1. Nardinae. Spike orbicular to short-ovoid; perigymia inflated. 2. Infi^tae. Pistillate scales deciduous; perigynia stipitate, at least the lower reflexed at maturity. 3. Athrochlaenae. Spikes one to many; if one, plant not as above. Achenes lenticular and stigmas two; lateral spikes sessile; terminal spike partly pistillate, or if staminate, the lateral spikes short, or heads dioecious. Spike one. Spike orbicular to short-ovoid. 4. Capitat.^^e. Spike linear. 5. Dioicae. 42 CYPERACEAE Spikes more than one. Perigyma not wbite-pnncticulate. Rootstocks long-creeping, the culms arising singly or few together. Perigynia not thin or wing-margined, the beak obliquely cut. Culms not branching. Spikes densely aggregate into a globular-ovoid head, appearing like one spike. 6. Foetid.\e. Spikes distinct. 7. Divisae. Culms becoming decumbent and branching. 8. Chordorrhiz.\e. Perigynia thin or wing-margined, the beak bidentate. 9. Arenariae. Rootstock not long-creeping, the culms densely cespitose. Spikes androgjTious. Perigj-nia abruptly contracted into the beak. Spikes few (ten or less); perigjTiia green or tinged with reddish brown. 10. Muhlenbergiaxae. Spikes numerous; perigynia yellowish or brownish. Perigynia yellowish; opaque part of leaf-sheath transversely rugulose. 11. RIultiflorae. Perigynia brownish; opaque part of leaf-sheath not trans- versely rugulose. 12. Panicul.\tae. PerigjTiia tapering into the beak. 13. Stenoriiynchae. Spikes gjmaecandrous or pistillate or rarely staminate. Perigj-nia at most thin-edged. PerigjTiia spreading at maturity. 14. Stellul.\tae. PerigjTua appressed. 15. Deweyanae. PerigjTiia narrowlj' to broadly wing-margined. 16. OVALES. Peiigynia white-pimcticulate. 17. Canescentes. Achenes triangular or lenticular; if lenticular, lower lateral spikes conspicuously ped uncled, or terminal spike staminate and lateral spikes elongated. Achenes strongly constricted at base, romided at apex. 18. Phyllostaciiyae. Achenes not stronglj' constricted at base, pomted at apex. Spike one; perigjTiia rounded and beakless at apex. 19. Poi.ytrtchoipe.^E. Spikes one or more; when one, perigjTua not both rounded and beakless at the apex. Perigynia both coriaceous and shining, the beak obliquely cut. Spike solitary. 20. Obtusatae. Spikes several. 21. Nitidae. Perigynia not both coriaceous and shining. Spike one; perigjTiia triangular, glabrous, not reflexed or flattened. PerigjTiia prominently beaked, finely manj^-nerved. 22. RurESTRES. PerigjTiia nearlj' beakless, 2-keeled but otherwise nerveless. 23. FiRMICULMES. Spikes one to manj-; when one, perigynia differing from above. PerigjTiia closelj- enveloping the achene, strongly tapering at base, pubescent or pubenilent; bracts sheathless or nearlj- so. Spike normally one. Spikes androgynous; leaf-blades verv narrow. 24. FiLIFOLI.AE. Spikes dioecious. 25. Scirpix.ae. Spikes two or more. 26. Moxtanae. PerigjTiia not as above; or if so, bracts strongly sheathing. Lowest bract long-sheathing, its blades rudimentarj-. I^eaf-blades flat; perigynia puberulent or pubescent. 27. DlCITATAE. Tieaf-blades filiform; perigynia glabrous. 28. Albae. Lowest bract sheathless or long-sheathing; if long-sheathing, its blade well-developed. Lowest bract strongly sheathing; perigj-nia never strongly bidentate with stiff' teeth. Achenes lenticular; stigmas two. 29. BICOLORE.S. Achenes triangular; stigmas three. Scales not dark-tinged. Pistillate spikes short-oblong to linear, erect. Perigynia tapering at base, triangular, closely enveloping the achenes. Rootstock long-creeping. 30. Paniceae. Rootstock not long-creeoing. 31. L.AXIFLORAE. Perigynia rounded at base, suborbicular in cross-section, looselj' enveloping achenes. 32. Gr.\nul.vres. PistUlate spikes elongate, linear to cylindric, slender pedimcled, the lower drooping. Culms strongly reddish tinged at base, aphyl- lopodic. 33. Debiles. Culms not strongly reddish tinged at base, phjilopodic. SEDGE FAMILY 43 Spikes slender, few-flowered; perigynia 4 mm. long or less, not inflated, the beak not becoming bidentate. 34. C.\PILLARES. Spikes dense, many-flowered ; perigyma longer, more or less inflated, the beak becoming bidentate. 3.5. Longiro.stres. Scales dark-tinged. 36. Frigid.\e. Lowest bract sheathless, or sheathing; if sheathing, peri- gynia strongly bidentate with stiff teeth. Foliage pubescent; perigynia not bidentate. 37. Pallescentes. Foliage glabrous, or if rarely pubescent, perigynia bi- dentate. Perigynia rough-papillose. 38. Anomalae. Perigynia at most granular-roughened. Perigynia beakless or very short-beaked; achenes triangular. Perigynia glaucous. 39. Limosae. Perigynia not glaucous. 40. Atrat.\e. Perigynia with strongly bidentate beak, or if not, achenes lenticular. Achenes lenticular; perigynia dull. 41. Acut.\e. Achenes triangular, or if rarely lenticular, perigynia shining. Perigynia coriaceous, little if at all inflated, often pubescent; bracts sheathless. 42. HlRT.-VE. Perigcnia glabrous, often inflated; if rarely Peoriaceous, the bracts sheathing, rigynia little inflated; lower bract strongly sheathing. 43. EXTENSAE. Perigynia little to much inflated; lower bract not strongly sheathing. Spike one. 44. Paupiflorae. Spikes more than one. Perigynia finely and closely ribbed. 45. Pseudo-Cypereae. Perigynia coarsely ribbed or nerve- less. 46. Physocarpae. 1. Nardinae. Represented by one species in our range. 1. C. Hepburnii. 2. Infi^tae. Represented by one species in our range. 2. C. Engelmannii. 3. Athrochlaenae. Densely cespitose; leaf-blades involute, 1 mm. wide; staminate flowers few; perigynia erect until full maturity. 3. C. pi/renaica. Short-stoloniferous ; leaf-blades flat, 1.5 mm. wide or more; staminate flowers conspicuous; perigynia early deflexed. 4. C. nigricans. 4. Capitatae. Represented by one species. 5. C. capitata. 5. DiOICAE. Represented by one species in our range. 6. C. gynocrates. 6. FOETIDAE. Leaf-blades 2-3.5 mm. wide; perigynium little exceeding the scale at maturity. 7. C. vernacula. Leaf-blades 1.5 mm. wide or less; perigynium much exceeding the scale at maturity. Perigynia membranous, not stipitate. 8. C. perglobosa. Perigynia not membranous, stipitate. 9. C. incurviformis. 7. DrviSAE. Rootstocks slender, light brownish; culms obtusely triangular, normally smooth; leaf- blades narrowly involute. Perigynia long-beaked; heads dioecious or nearly so. 10. C. Douglasii. Perigynia short-beaked; heads androgynous. 11. C. slcnophylla. Rootstocks stout; culms acutely triangular, normally rough above. PerigjTiia not strongly nerved ventrally; leaf-sheaths hyalme. Perigynia chestnut, thick, the beak about one-flfth as long as the body. 12. C. simuiala. Perigynia blackish in age, plano-convex, the beak one-third to one-half as long as the body. 13. C. praegracilis. Perigynia strongly nerved ventrally; upper leaf-sheaths green-striate opposite the blades. 14. C. Sarlwellii. 8. Chordorrhizae. Represented by one species in our range. 15. C. chordorrhiza. 9. Arenariae. Represented by one species in our rajige. 16. C. siccata. 44 CYPEHACEAE 10. MUHLENBERGIANAE. Sheaths tight, inconspicuously, if at all, septate-nodulose. Densely cespitose; head ovoid, capitate: perigynia serrulate to the middle. 17. C. Hoodii. Rootstocks elongate ; head linear, interrupted ; pe^igJ^ua serrulate at the apex only. Scales obtuse to short-cuspidate, not concealing the spreading perigynia. Spikes with conspicuous staminate flowers; scales half as long as the perigynia. 18. C. rallicola. Spikes with inconspicuous staminate flowers; scales about as long as the peri- gynia. 19. C. occidentalis. Scales strongly cuspidate, concealing the appressed perigj-nia. 20. C. Hookeriana. Sheaths loose and membranous, easily breaking, conspicuously septate-nodulose. 21. C. gravida. 11. IVlULTIFLORAE. Represented by one species in our range. 22. C. vulpinoidea. 12. Paniculatae. Culms loosely cespitose; sheaths not copper-tinged at the mouth; head little interrupted; perigynia 2-2.73 mm. long, shininti, not concealed by the scales. 2.3. C. diandra. Culms densely cespitose; sheaths copper-tinged at the mouth; head interrupted; peri- gynia 2.5-4 mm. long, dull, concealed by the scales. Leaves 1-2.5 mm. wide; perigjTiia 2.5-3 mm. long; scales tinged with reddish brown. 24. C. prairea. Leaves 2.5-6 mm. wide; perigynia 3-4 mm. long; scales chestnut-tinged. 25. C. Cusickii. 13. STENOEHYN'CHAE. Perigynia 3-4 mm. long, the beak much shorter than the body: scales strongly dark- tinged. Leaves clustered at base; sheaths not cross-rugulose ventrally; culms slender. 26. C Jonesii. Leaves not clustered at base; sheaths cross-rugulose ventrally: culms stout. 27. C. nervina. Perigynia 4-6 mm. long, the beak longer than the body; scales not dark-tinged. 28. C. stipala. 14. Stellulatae. Spikes in a small (6-10 mm. long) densely capitate brownish black head. 29. C. illota. Spikes more or less widely separate, not brownish black. Perigynia broadest in middle, the beak sparingly serrulate; culms weak. 30. C. laeviculmis. Perigynia broadest near base, the beak strongly serrulate; culms stiff. Beak of the perigynia one-fourth as long as the body, the teeth short, and ventr.al suture inconspicuous. 31. C. interior. Beak of the perigynia longer, strongly bidentate, the ventral suture conspicuous. 32. C. anguslior. 15. Deweyanwe. Culms densely cespitose; perigynia tapering at base, 4-5 mm. long, the upper part of the body covered by translucent scale. 33. C. Deweyana. Rootstocks* slender, elongate; perigynia substipitate, 3.5-4.5 mm. long. Perigjniia shallowly bidentate, the upper part of body not covered by the scale. 34. C. leplopoda. Perigynia deeply bidentate, the body covered by the scale. 35. C. Bolanderi. 16. OVALES. Lower bract or bracts conspicuous, several-many times the length of the head. PerigjTiia subulate, the beak much longer than body; lower bracts more than 1 dm. long, without yellowish brown margins at base. 36. C. sijcfinorephala. Perigynia lance-ovate, the beak shorter than the body ; longer bracts less than 1 dm. long, with yellowish brown margins at base. Perigynia nerveless ventrally, tawny at orifice. 37. C. alhroslachya. Perigynia nerved ventrally, hyaline at orifice. 38. C. tenuiroslris. Bracts not conspicuous, rarely slightly e.xceeding the head. Beak of the perigjTiia flattened and serrulate to tip, often strongly bidentate. Scales about the length of the perigjTiia and nearly of the same width above, the perigynia nearly entirely concealed. Head stiH', the spikes approximate. Perigynia less than 5.5 mm. long, at most faintly nerved on inner face, loosely ascending; spikes suborbicular; lower bracts prominent, stiff. 39. C. adusta. PerigjTiia 5.5-7 mm. long, finelj' many-nerved on inner face, appressed; spikes oblong-elliptic: bracts not stiff. 40. C. petasata. Head not stiff, fle.xuous or moniliform. 41. C. aenea. Scales shorter than perigj-nia and noticeably narrower above, the upper part of perigj-nia largelj- exposed. Perigj'nia subulate to lanceolate, at least 2 J^ times as long as wide. Perigynia subulate, the margin at the base almost obsolete. 42. C. Crawfordii. Perigj-nia lanceolate, the margin conspicuous to the base. 43. C. scoparia. SEDGE FAMILY 45 Pjri2;vnia ovate-lanceolate or broxder, at most twice as long as wide. Pcirigynia narrowly to broadly ovate. 3-4 mm. long. Perigynia brownish; spikes closely aggregate, rounded at base. 44. C. Bebbii. Perigynia green; spikes contiguous to widely separate, usually tapering Leaf-blades 2.5 mm. wide or less; perigynia spreading-ascending; culms slender. 45. C. tenera. Leaf-blades 2-6 mm. wide (averaging 4 ram.); perigynia appressed- ascending; culms stout. 46. C. tincla. Pori.!vnia ovate or broader, 3.75-6 mm. long. Pe.igynia thick, abruptly short-beaked; scales little, if at all, tinged with brownish red. 47. C. brevior. Perigynia tliin, tapering to the beak; scales strongly tmged with chest- mit-brown. 48. C. Eggleslonii. Beak of the perigynia slender, terete and scarcely, if at all, serrulate towards tip, obliquely cut, at times becoming obscurely bidentate. Scales about the length of the perigynia, and of nearly the same width above, the perigynia nearly entirely concealed. Culms and head stiff and rigid. Culms 1-3 dm. high, in large stools; scales strongly tinged with reddish brown; perigynia lanceolate. 49. C. phaeocephala. Culms taller, not in large stools; scales lighter-colored; perigynia ovate, in age golden yellow at base. 50. C. xerantica. Culms slender; head flexuous or moniliform. Scales light reddish brown tinged. 51. C. practicola. Scales chestnut-brown tinged. 52. C. Piperi. Scales shorter than perigynia and noticeably narrower above, the upper part of perigynia largely exposed. Perigynia thin and membranous, except where distended by the achene. Perigynia 3.5-5 mm. long; culms slender. Perigynia lance-ovate, very narrowly margined, spreading; culms biennial. 53. C. microptera. Perigynia ovate, strongly margined, appressed; culms annual. 54. C. festivella. Perigynia 4.5-6 mm. long; culms low. Perigynia lanceolate to broadly ovate, nerveless or nearly so on inner face, the beaks conspicuous; culms slender, ascending or decumbent. 55. C. nubicola. Perigynia narrowly lanceolate, finely nerved on inner face, the beaks appressed; culms stiff, erect. 56. C. ebenea. Perigynia strongly plano-convex, the walls thick. Spikes densely capitate; beak of the perigynia obliquely cut, dark-tipped. 57. C. pnchystachr/a. Spikes not capitate; beak of the perigynia bidentate, reddish-tipped. 58. C. Preslii. 17. Canescentks. Spikes androgynous; perigynia unequally biconvex. 59. C. disperma. Spikes gynaecandrous; perigynia plano-convex. Lowest bract bristle-like, much prolonged, many times e.xceeding its 1-5-flowered spike; spikes widely separate. 60. C. trisperma. Lowest bract much shorter or none; spikes several-many-fiowered, the upper approxi- mate. Spikes 2-4, subglobose. closely approximate, forming an ovate or subglobose head; perigynia scarcely beaked; scales white-hyaline. 61. C. trnuiflora. Spikes one-many, the lower more or less strongly separate; head elongate; peri- gynia shortly to strongly beaked; scales darker. Perigynia broadest near middle; beak short, smooth or moderately serrulate. Beak of the perigynia smooth or very nearly so; scales obtuse to acutish, strongly tinged with reddish brown or chestnut; spikes closely ap- proximate. Terniinal spike strongly tapering at base; culms rough at apex only. 62. C. Lachenalii. Terminal spike little tapering at the base; culms usually very rough. 63. C. Heleonasles. Beak of the perigynia serrulate, or if smooth scales acutish to cuspidate and scarcely, if at all, tinged with reddish brown; lower spikes remote. Plant glaucous; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide; spikes many-flowered; perigynia scarcely beaked, appressed ascending, with emarginate or entire orifice. 64. C. canescens. Plant not glaucous; leaf-blades 1-2.5 mm. wide; spikes fewer-flowered; perigynia distinctly beaked, loosely spreading, with minutely biden- tate orifice. 65. C. brunnescens. Perigynia ovate, broadest near the base; beak conspicuous, strongly serrulate. 66. C. arcta. 18. Phyllost.-vchyae. Perigynia with long smooth beak; foliage deep green. 67. C. durifolia. Perigynia with short sparingly serrulate beak; foliage light or glaucous green. 68. C. saxirnonlana. 19. POLYTRICHOIDE.^E. Represented by one peciess. 69. C. leptalea. 46 CYPERACE.\E 20. Obtusatae. Represented by one species. 70. C. obtusata. 21. NiTIDAE. Represented by one species in our range. 71. C. supina. 22. Rttpestres. Represented by one species. 72. C. rupestris. 23. PlRMICTILMES. Represented by one species in our range. 73. C. Geyeri. 24. FiLIFOLIAE. Leaf-blades filiform at base, 0.25-0.5 mm. wide; culms filiform, obtusely triangular, smoothish; lowest scale rarely awned. PerigjTiia sharply triangular below, obpyramidal ; basal sheaths rarely Olamentose, 74. C. elynoides. Perigynla rounded on the angles, obovoid to globose; basal sheaths fllamentose. 75. C. fiUfoUa. Leaf-blades flattened at base, 1.5-2 mm. wide; culms stoutish, sharply triangular, often much roughened; lowest scale conspicuously awned. 76. C. oreocharis. 25. SCIRPINAE. Culms phyllopodic, the culm-leaves 6-10; scales concealing perigynla. 77. C. pseudoscirpoiclen. Culms aphyUopodic, the culm-leaves 3-6; scales shorter than perigjTiia. Perigynla lanceolate, flattish, 4 mm. long. 78. C. sienochlaena. Perigynla broader, triangular, 3 mm. long or less. Scales very minutely hyaline-margined; perigynia whitish-pubescent. 79. C. scirpoidea. Scales very broadly hyaUne-margined ; perigj-nia yellowish-hirsute. 80. C. scirpiformis. ' 26. AIONTAXAE. Basal spikes absent. Long stoloniferous ; scales about equalling the perigynia. 81. C. heliophila. Without long stolons; scales much shorter than the perigjTiia. 82. C. Peckii. Basal spikes present. Lower bract ccceeded by the culm, scale-like, hyaline-margined at base. 83. C. umbcllala. Lower bract normally exceeding the culm, leaf-like, not hyaline-margined at base. Perigynia 2.75 mm. long or less, shallowly bidentate; rootstocks slender. 84. C. deiiexa. Perigynia longer, deeply bidentate; culms densely cespitose. 85. C. Rossii. 27. DiGiTAT.u;. Basal spikes present; scales abruptly cuspidate. 86. C. pedunculala. Basal spikes absent; scales not abruptly cuspidate. Staminate spike 3-6 mm. long; scales obtuse, one-half as long as the perigynia. 87. C. concinna. Staminate spike 8-22 mm. long; scales acute to acuminate, from little shorter than to exceeding the perigjTiia. Perigynia loosely pubescent, wider and longer than the scales; staminate spike nearly sessile; pistillate spikes few-flowered. 88. C. concinnoides. Perigynia appressed-pubescent, narrower and shorter than the scales; staminate spike noticeably peduncled; pistillate spikes many-flowered. 89. C. Richardsonii. 28. Albae. Represented by one species in our range. 90. C. eburnea. 29. Bicolores. Mature perigynia whitish, ellipsoid, not fleshy or translucent. 91. C. Hassei. Mature perigynia orange or brownish, broader, fleshy, translucent. 92. C. aurea. 30. Panice.\e. Beak of the perigjTiia none or very short. Sheaths of the bracts short; plant glaucous; leaf-blades involute; spikes approximate. 93. C. livida. Sheaths of the bracts long; plant not glaucous; leaf-blades flat; spikes distant. Fertile culm-blades 3-5, 2-3.5 mm. wide; perigj-nia 3.5 mm. long or less; spikes linear. 94. C. tetanica. Fertile culm-blades 6-10, 3-7 mm. wide; perigjTiia longer; spikes oblong or linear- oblong. 95. C. Meadii. Beak of the perigj-nia straight, prominent. 96. C. raginala. 31. L.yxiflorae. Represented bj' one species in our range. 97. C. blanda. 32. GRANUL.ARES. Plants cespitose; bracts elongate, overtopping the spikes; staminate spike short-stalked. 98. C. Shrivcri. Plants with long-creeping rootstocks; bracts short, rarely overtopping the spikes; stam- inate spike long-stalked. 99. C. Crawei. SEDGE FAMILY 47 33. Debiles. Represented b> one species in our range. 100. C. Assiniboinensis. 34. Capillares. Represented by one species in our range. 101. C. capillaris. 35. LONGIROSTRES. Represented by one species in our range. 102. C. Sprengelii. 36. Frigidae. Terminal spike staminate or gjTiaecandrous, the lateral ones pistillate. Terminal spike usually gj-naecandrous, the lateral ones ovoid or short-oblong. 103. C. misandra. Terminal spike staminate (or with a few perigytiia), the lateral ones oblong or linear- cyUndric. Perigynia triangular, slightly compressed. 104. C. luzuUna. Perigynia strongly compressed. 105. C. tissuricola. Terminal spike androgynous, the upper lateral staminate, the lower pistillate. Perigynia lanceolate, 1.5 mm. wide, tapering to the apex; spikes 2-5, usually 4. 106. C. petricosa. Perig>-nia oblong-oval, 2.25 mm. wide, abruptly minutely beaked; spikes more numerous. 107. C. Franklinii. 37. Pallescentes. Represented by one species in our range. 108. C. abbreviata. 38. ANOiL^LAE. Represented by one species in our range. 109. C. a7nplifolia. 39. LlMOSAE. Pistillate spikes drooping. Plants strongly stoloniferous ; leaf-blades involute, glaucous, 3 mm. wide or less; scales little exceeding the perigynia. 110. C. limosa. Plant tufted; leaf-blades flat, not glaucous, wider; scales much exceeding the peri- gjTiia. 111. C. pauper cula. Pistillate spikes erect. 112. C. Buxbaumii. 40. Atratae. Terminal spike in some plants pistillate and linear-cylindi'ic or staminate only at apex, in others staminate. Scales not long-pointed. Little exceeding the perigj-nia; perigynia flattened, sharp- edged. 113. C Parryana. Scales long-pointed, 2-3 times as long as the perigjTua; perigj-nia little flattened. 114. C. idahoa. Terminal spike staminate or gj-naecandrous, not pistillate and linear-cj-lindric. Terminal spike staminate. Culms few-leaved, strongly aphyllopodic, purpUsh tinged at base. Staminate scales obtuse, the midvein nearly or quite obsolete. Staminate scales obovate; pistillate scales with obsolete (or nearly so) midvein; perigynia nerveless. 115. C. podocarpa. Staminate scales "linear-lanceolate; pistiUate scales with strong midvein; perigynia 2-nerved. 116. C. venustula. Staminate scales with conspicuous more or less excurrent midvein. 117. C. spectabilis. Culms many-leaved, clothed at base with dried-up leaves of previous year, not purplish tinged at base. Perigynia flat. 118. C. Tohniei. PerigjTiia round in cross-section, many-nerved. 119. C. Raynoldsii. Terminal spike gynaecandrous. Perigynia triangular in cross-section, nerveless or nearly so, 2.5 mm. long or less. 120. C. Halleri. Perigynia longer, many-nerved or with two prominent marginal nerves, more or less strongly flattened. Spikes contiguous, sessile or short-peduncled, forming a dense head; culms stiff, erect. Perigynia subinflated-triangular, scarcely compressed, the beak 1 mm. long. 121. C. Nelsonii. PerigjTiia strongly compressed, the beak 0.5 mm. long. Lowest spike slightly separate, short-peduncled; scales black, with very conspicuous white hyaline apex and upper margins. 122. C. albo-nigra. Spikes closely contiguous and sessile; scales black with inconspicuous hyaline apex and margins. 123. C. nova. Lowest spike (or spikes) strongly peduncled, usually distant, erect or nodding. Spikes 3-5, not oblong-cylindrij; walls of the perigynia not papery; peri- gynia 2.5-4.5 mm. long, nerveless or obscurely nerved on the face, dull green to brownish black; scales from a little shorter to a little longer than the perigynia. Perigynia slightly inflated and sub-triangular, not strongly compre.ssed. 124. C. atrosquama. Perigynia strongly compressed. Perigynia sharp-edged, the margins much narrower than the achene; lateral spikes Imear. Scales shining, with the midvein conspicuous the whole length, exceeded by the perigynia. 125. C. bella. 48 CYPERACEAE Scales dull with inconspicuous niidvein, about covering the perigynia. 126. C. atratiformis. Perigynia widely margined, the margins as wide as the achene; lateral spikes oblong or linear-oblong or ovoid. Perigynia granular-roughened; achenes short-stipitate. Upper pistillate scales exceeding the perigynia: lateral spikes ovoid; lowest peduncle less than the length of the spike. 127. C. chalciolepis. Upper pistillate scales exceeded by the perigynia; lateral spikes oblong or linear-oblong; lowest peduncle 1-2 times as long a.s the spike. 128. C. atrata. PerigjTiia smooth; achenes strongly stipitate. 129. C. epapillosa. Spikes 6-10, oblong-cylindric: walls of the perigj-nia papery; perigjiiia o mm. long, lightly 3-nerved, light green, much shorter than the peri- gynia. 130. C. Mertensii. 41. ACUTAE. Culms phyllopodic. Beak of the perigynia, if present, not deeply bidentate. Lowest bract exceeded by the inflorescence; scales with obsolete or slender mid- vein; culms low, stiff, solitary or in small clumps, freely stoloniferous. Perigjniia plano-convex, puncticulate, appressed. 131. C. concolor. Perigynia soon turgid, papillose, spreading. Scales ovate, exceeded by the perigynia. 132. C. scopulorum. Scales lanceolate, exceeding the perigjTiia'. 133. C. chimaphilri. Lowest bract exceeding the inflorescence; scales usually with a slender mid vein or broad light-colored center; culms taller, less stiff, in larger clumps. Perigynia turgid, spreading. 134. C. aperta. Perig>Tiia not turgid, appressed or ascending. Stolons absent; perigynia conspicuously nerved; leaf-blades 1-3 mm. wide. PerigjTiia substipitate, glaucous, granular-roughened all over, the body two-thirds as wide as long. 135. C. lenlicularis. Perig\Tiia strongly stipitate, green, granular-roughened at the apex oiily, the body half as wide as long. 136. C. Kelloggii. Stolons present, long; perigynia nerveless or inconspicuously nerved; leaf- blades 2-6 mm. wide. Perigj-nia narrowlj- to very broadly elliptic, broadest below apex, less than 3 mm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide. 137. C. aqnalilis. Perigynia strongly obovate, broadest at the apex, 3 mm. long, 1.75 mm. wide. 138. C. subslricla. Beak of the perigjTiia markedly bidentate, the body stronglj' ribbed. 139. C. nebraskensis. Fertile culms aphjilopodic. Lower sheatlis smooth; scales not blackish. 140. C. Emoryi. Lower sheaths stronglj' hispidulous; scales blackish. 141. C. prionophylla. 42. HlRT.\E. Beak of the perigjTiia much shorter than the body, the teeth 1 mm. long or less. Perigj-nia glabrous to sparsely pubescent. 142. C. lacustris. Perigynia densely or stronglj' pubescent. Nerves of the perigj-nia obscured by pubescence, the teeth of beak short. Leaf-blades flat, more than 2 mm. wide. 143. C. lanuginosa. Leaf-blades involute, 2 mm. wide or less. 144. C. lasiocarpa. Nerves of the perigj'nia prominent, the teeth of beak prominent, slender. 145. C. Houghtonii. Beak of the perigynia including teeth nearly as long as body, the teeth 1.5 mm. long or more. Perig-\-nia glabrous. Perigynia ovoid, the teeth less than 2 mm. long, erect or spreading; scales acute to aristate; leaf-blades glabrous. 146. C. laeviconica. Perigynia lanceolate or ovoid-lanceolate, the teeth 2-4 mm. long, widely spread- ing; scales long-aristate; leaf-blades pubescent beneath. 147. C. atherodes Perigj-nia hairy. 148. C. Sheldonii. 43. EXTEN-s.\E. PerigjTiia 2-3 mm. long, the beak scarcely half as long as the body. 149. C. viridula. PerigjTiia 4-6 mm. long,' the beak about as long as the bodj-. 150. C. flava. 44. P.\UCIFLOR.\E. Rhacheola present, conspicuouslj- exserted; culms with many leaves. 151. C. microglocbin. Rhacheola absent or rudimentarj', not conspicuously exserted; culms with few leaves. 152. C. pauciflora. 45. P.seudo-Cypere.\e. Perigj-nia suborbicular in cross-section, more or less inflated. 153. C. hystricina. Perigynia obtusely triangular, scarcely inflated, closely enveloping achene. 154. C. comosa. 46. Physocarp.\e. I'erigjnia scarcely inflated; beak entire or emarginate; stigmas normally two and achenes lenticular. PerigjTiia lanceolate; fertile culms fllamentose at the base; rootstocks creeping. 155. C. miliaris. SEDGE FAMILY 49 Perigynia ovoid; fertile culms rarely if ever fllamentose at the base; plant loosely stoloniferous. 156. C. saxatilis. Perigynia from little to much inflated; beak bidentate; stigmas normally three and achenes triangular. Pistillate spikes globose or short-oblong, 5-15-flowered. 157. C. oligosperma. Pistillate spikes oblong to cylindric, 15-many-flowered. Lower perigynia not refle.xed; bracts moderately exceeding the spikes. Perigynia ascending; lower sheaths more or less strongly fllamentose; culms sharply triangular. Perigynia" 6-8 mm. long. Perigynia oblong-ovoid, tapering into the beak; spikes loosely flowered at base. 158. C. Raeana. Perigynia ovoid or globose-ovoid, contracted into the beak; spikes more closely flowered. 159. C. vesicaria. Perigynia 8-10 mm. long, tapering into the beak. 160. C. exsiccala. Perigynia spreading at maturity; lower sheaths not fllamentose; culms bluntly triangular below the spikes. 161. C. rostrata. Lower perigynia reflexed; bracts many times exceeding the spikes. 162. C. retrorsa. Family U. ARACEAE. Arum Family. Spadix terminal, with an oblong shea tiling spathe; leaves petioled, with broad blades. 1. Lysichiton. Spadix borne somewhat laterally on the leaf-like scape; spathe leaf-like, continuous to the scape; leaves narrowly linear, equitant. 2. AcoRUS. 1. LYSICHITON Schott. Skunk Cabbage. i. L. kamtschatcensis. 2. ACORUS L. Sweet Flag, Calamus-root. l. A. Calamus. Family 15. LEMNACEAE. Duckweed Family. Rootlets solitary, without a flbro-vascular bundle. 1. Lemn.\. Rootlets several, each with a flbro-vascular bundle. 2. Spirodela. 1, LEMNA L. Duckweed. Fronds long-stalked, mostly submerged, forming large masses 1. L. trisulca. Fronds short-stalked or sessile, floating on the surface. Frond pale and usually strongly gibbous beneath. 2. L. gibba. Fronds green or purplish, not gibbous beneath. Frond oblong-obovate. indistinctly 3-nerved. 3. L. minor. Frond oblong or elliptical, indistinctly 1-nerved or nerveless. Frond unsymmetrical, without papules. 4. L. cyclnstasa. Frond synimetrical, with a row of papules along the midvein. 5. L. minima. 2. SPIRODELA Schleiden. Larger Duckweed. l. S. polyrhiza. Family 16. COMMELINACEAE. Spiderwort Family. Petals all alike; perfect stamens 6; bracts leaf-like. 1. Tradescantia. Petals unlike in shape and size ; perfect stamens 3 or 2 ; bracts spathe-like. 2. Commelin.\. 1. TRADESCANTIA (Rupp.) L. Spiderwort. Sepals glandular-pilose; petals about 15 mm. long; capsule decidedly ellipsoid. Bracts broader than the leaves, strongly gibbous at the base; stem 2-3 dm. high, usually simple; pod densely glandular. 1. T. bracteata. Bracts not broader than the leaves, not strongly gibbous at the base; stem usually over 3 dm. high, branched. Pod densely glandular-pubescent; sepals broadly lanceolate, densely glandular; plant bright green; branches shorter than the stem proper. 2. T. occidentalis. Pod glabrate. pubescent only in lines or at the apex. Pedicels strongly glandular; pods pubescent in lines; branches almost equalling the stem. 3. T. larimiensis. Pedicels glabrous or slightly glandular above; pods pubescent only at the apex. 4. T. universitatis. Sepals glabrous or nearly so; petals about 10 mm. long; capsule subglobose. 3. T. scopulorum. 2. COMMELINA (Plum.) L. Day-flower, Dew-flower, i. C. crispa. Family 17. PONTEDERIACEAE. Pickerel-w^eed Family. stamens unequal, the 2 posterior ones with ovate anthers, the third with a sagittate anther; capsule incompletely 3-ceIled; leaf-blades broad, long-petioled. 1. Heter.\nthera. Stamens all alike; anthers all sagittate; capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae; leaf- blades linear, translucent, sessile. 2. Zosterell.v. 1. HETERANTHERA R. & P. Mud-plantain. l. H. limosa. 2, ZOSTERELLA Small. Water Star-grass. i. Z. dubia. 50 MELANTHACEAE Family 18. MELANTHACEAE. Bunch-flower Family. Plants with rootstocks (except in No. 3); petals and sepals glandless. Anthers oblong or ovate, 2-celled. Anthers introrse; flowers involucrate with 3 bractlets. 1. ToFlELDl.\. Anthers extrorse; flowers not involucrate. 2. Xerophyllum. Anthers cordate or reniform, con fluently 1 -celled. Flowers racemose, perfect, nodding; plants glabrous, with narrow leaves. 3. Sten.\nthell.\. Flowers paniculate, polygamous; more or less pubescent plants, with broad plaited leaves. 4. Ver.\ti{UM. Plants with bulbs; petals and sepals with a more or less distinct gland. Ovary partly inferior; gland obcordate. 5. Anticle.\. Ovary whoUj superior; gland obovate or semiorbicular. 6. Toxicoscordion. 1. TOFIELDIA Huds. Scottish Asphodel. stem glabrous, scapiform; seed unappendaged. Stem leafy at the base only; flowers short-pedicelled. 1. T. palustris. Stem with a leaf also at or above the middle; flowers sessile. 2. T. coccinea. Stem viscid-pubescent, at least above; seeds appendaged. Bractlets broadly triangular, connate two-thirds their length. 3. T. intermedia. Bractlets lanceolate-triangular, connate half their length or less. 4. T. occidentalis. 2. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. Turkey-beard, Bear-grass, Moose-grass, Pine-grass. Petals and sepals 7-10 mm. long. 1. X. tenax. Petals and sepals 4-6 mm. long. 2. X. Douglasii. 3. STENANTHELLA Rydb. l. S. occidentalis. 4. VERATRUM (Tourn.) L. White Hellebore, F.\lse Hellebore, Skunk C.\BBAGE. Flowers greenish; bractlets foliaceous, often equalling or exceeding the flowers. 1. V. Eschscholtzii. Flowers white or yellowish white; bractlets membranous, much shoiter than the pedicels and flowers. Petals and sepals oval or broadly oblanceolate. 2. V. speciosinti. Petals and sepals narrowly oblanceolate. 3. V. tenuipelalum. 5. ANTICLEA Kunth. White Camas. Base of the stem not covered by conspicuous scarious sheaths; plant not tufted. Petals and sepals greenish, the former more or less contracted into a broad claw. 1. .4. chlnrantha. Petals and sepals white or straw-colored, greenish only on the midrib, not at all clawed. Petals and sepals 7-13-nerved. Stem more oi less leafy, 3-6 dm. high; petals wliite, 7-S mm. long. 2. ,4. elegans. Stem scapiform, 1-2 dm. high; petals straw-colored, 5-6 mm. long. 3. A. alpina. Petals and sepals 5-6 mm. long, 3-7 -nerved. Inflorescence usuaUy simple, few-flowered ; petals and sepals usually nearly 6 mm. long; flowers not recm'ved after anthesis. 4. .4. coloradcnsis. Inflorescence branched, many-flowered; petals and sepals rarely exceeding 5 mm. in length; flowers reflexed just after anthesis. 5. A. porrifolia. Base of the stem covered by numerous, conspicuous, scarious sheaths; plant growing in big clumps. 6. A. vaginata. 6. TOXICOSCORDION Rydb. Poison Camas, De.^th Camas. Petals and sepals rounded or obtuse at the apex. Upper leaves without sheaths at the base; both petals and sepals distinctly clawed and subcordate at the base; gland with a tliick. toothed margin. 1. T. venenosuni. All leaves with distinct sheaths; petals long-clawed and subcordate at the base; sepals subsessule; margin of the gland ill-defined. 2. T. gramineum. Petals and sepals acute or acuminate at the apex; all leaves with sheaths; sepals cimeate at the base and short-clawed or subsessile. Leaves less than 5 mm. wide; petals and sepals both cuneate at the base and short- clawed. 3. T. acutum. Leaves over 5 mm. wide. Raceme simple; petals comparatively long-clawed and subcordate at the base. 4. T. falcalum. Raceme branched; petals short-clawed, not subcordate at the base. 5. T. paniculatum. 19. Family JUNCACEAE. Rush Family. Leaf-sheaths open; capsule 1-3-celled, with axile or parietal placentae; seeds many. 1. JUNCUS. Leaf-sheaths closed; capsule 1-celled, with bjtsal placentae; seeds 3. 2. Juncoides. RUSH FAMILY 51 1. JUNCUS (Tourn.) L. Rush, Wire-grass. Lower bracts of the inflorescence terete, erect, appearing like a continuation of the stem; inflorescence therefore apparently lateral; stamens 6. Flowers several in a more or less compound panicle; seeds apiculate or acute; peren- nials with long rootstocks. I. Effusi. Flowers l-o, of which one is subsessile and the others peduncled; seeds caudate, i. e., with white tails at each end; densely cespitose perennials. II. Subtriflori. Lower bracts not appearing as a continuation of the stem, or if so, channeled on the upper side; inflorescence terminal. Leaves neither septate nor equitant. Leaves not flstulose. Flowers many. Flowers bracteolate, inserted singly on the branches of the inflorescence; leaves narrowly Linear, either flat or subterete and channeled; stamens 6. Perennials, with short cespitose rootstocks; stems simple. III. Texues. Annuals; stem branching; seed apiculate. IV. Bufonii. Flowers not bracteolate, in true heads on the branches of the inflorescence: leaves flat, often grass-Uke; perennials with stoloniferous rootstocks. VI. Graminifolii. Flowers solitary on the scape; plant 2-3 cm. high. VII. Unciales. Leaves flstulose (i. e., hollow); flowers few in small heads; lower sheath bladeless; seeds caudate; stamens 6. V. Castanei. liCaves septate. Leaves terete, not eqiutant. Septa poorly developed; heads 1-3. V. Castanei. Septa well developed; heads usually several (in J. Mertensianits usually only one). VIII. NODOSI." Leaves equitant, laterally flattened so that one edge is towards the stem; seeds apiculate; perennials with creeping rootstocks. IX. Ensifolii. I. Effusi. Stem light green, striate when dry on account of the free hypodermal flbro-vascular bundles; sepals and petals green. 1. J. filiformis. Stem dark green or at the base purplish, not striate; sepals and petals brown. Stem terete; sheath naked or merely bristle-pomted ; sepals and petals dark purplish brown. Inflorescence congested; branches 1-3 cm. long; petals and sepals acute or short- acuminate, almost equal in length. 2. J. ater. Inflorescence open; branches 4-7 cm. long; sepals long-acuminate, much exceed- ing the acute petals. 3. J. valUcola. Stem flattened; uppermost sheath often leaf-bearing; sepals and petals not very dark brown. 4. J. mexicanus. II. Subtriflori. Upper sheaths merely bristle-pointed ; petals and sepals with green backs and dark brown margins. 5. J. Drummondii. Upper sheaths leaf-bearing; green backs of the petals and sepals less prominent. Sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, light brown; capsule acute. 6. J. Parry i. Sepals and petals broadly lanceolate, very dark brown; capsule retuse. 7. J. Hallii. III. Tenues. Seeds long-caudate; leaves terete with a shallow groove above. 8. J. Vaseyi. Seeds apiculate, not caudate; leaves flat, but usually involute, lunate in section. Auricles at the summit of the sheaths membranous, wliitish. Auricles scarcely produced beyond the insertion, scarcely scarious; petals and sepals scarcely spreading. Perianth 3-4 mm. long, equalling the capsule. 9. J. interior. Perianth 4.5-5 ram. long, exceeding the capsule. 10. J. arizonicus. Auricles conspicuously produced beyond the point of insertion. Capsule oblong, narrow, 3-celled, equalling the perianth or nearly so; sepals and petals erect or appressed. Stem stout; leaves short and broad (1.5-2 mm. wide) ; sepals and petals 4-5 mm. long, scarious at the base only, stramineous; flowers in an open cyme. 11. J. brachyphyllus. Stem slender; leaves narrow and long; sepals and petals 3.5-4 mm. long, scarious to the apex, fuscous; flowers few, congested. 12. J. confusus. Capsule ovate or oval, 1-celled, three-fourths as long as the petals or less; petals and sepals spreading. 13. J. tenuis. Auricles cartilaginous, yellowish brown; inflorescence greenish; capsule ovate; petals and sepals spreading. 14. J. Dudleyi. IV. Bufonii. Capsxile oblong to ovoid, trigonous, 3-4.5 mm. long, at maturity closely embraced by the ascending petals. 15. <7. bufonius. Capsule subglobose or short-ovoid, 2-3 mm. long; petals and sepals at maturity loosely spreading, ascending, or squarrose. 16. J. sphaerocarpus. V. Castanei. Stem leafy only at the base, but the uppermost leaf often with a long sheath; perianth about 4 mm. long; leaves about 1 mm. in diameter; rootstock short, cespitose. 52 JUNCACEAE Lowest bract of the inflorescence more or less membranaceoiis, spreading: capsule obtuse or mucronate. 17. J . triglumis. Lowest bract of the inflorescence foliaceous, erect; capsule deeply retuse. 18. J. biglumis. Stem more or less leafy; leaves about 2 mm. in diameter; perianth 5-6 mm. long; root- stock longer, stoloniferous. 19. J. castaneus. VI. Graminifolii. Seeds caudate; ligules with lanceolate, acute auricles at the summit. Stem slender, 3-5 dm. high; leaves 5-20 cm. long; auricles about 1 mm. long. 20. J. Rcgelii. Stem about 2 dm. high; leaves 3-6 cm. long, spreading; auricles of the ligules about 2 mm. long. 21. J. Joncsii. Seeds not caudate; ligules with rounded auricles or none. Leaves long, erect; auricles present. 22. J. longistylis. Leaves short and broad, ascending, spreading; auricles none. 23. J. orlhophyllus. VII. Unciales. One species. 24. J. uncialis. VIII. NODOSI. Stamens 6; seeds not caudate, or slightly so in J. Merlensianus and J. nevadensis; peren- nials with creeping rootstocks. Inflorescence with short branches; flowers echinate-spreading or the lowest of the heads reflexed; capsule narrowly lanceolate. Heads 7-10 mm. in diameter; leaf-blades erect; petals usually longer than the sepals. 25. J. nodosus. Heads 10-16 mm. in diameter; leaf-blades usually spreading; sepals longer than the petals. 26. J. Torreyi. Inflorescence with elongated branches; flowers erect-ascending; capsule oblong. Capsule shorter than or rarely equalling the acuminate sepals and petals. Flowers dark brown. Capsule acute. 27. J. nevadensis. Capsule truncate or obtuse. Heads several; leaves terete; seeds not caudate. 28. J. truncatus. Heads solitary, or rarely 2-3; leaves somewhat flattened; seeds often caudate. 29. J. ^{ertensianus. Flowers light brown or straw-colored. 36. J. columbianus. Capsule longer than the obtuse or acutish petals and sepals. 31. J. Richardsonianus. Stamens 3; seeds long-caudate; perennials with cespitose rootstocks. 32. J. Tueedyi. IX. Ensifolii. Styles long, exceeding the petals by 1 mm. in length. 33. J. Tracyi. Style slightly, if at all exceeding the petals. Flower-clusters numerous, small, 5-12-flowered, light colored. 34. J. brunnescens. Flower-clusters few, 15-25-flowered. Flowers greenish or light brown ; stamens 6 ; ligules of the sheaths usually without auricles. 35. J. parous. Flowers fuscous or very dark brown. Stamens 6; ligules of the sheaths usuallj' produced into small auricles. 36. J. saximontanus. Stamens 3; ligules without auricles. 37. J. ensifoliiis. 2. JUNCOIDES (Dill.) Adans. Wood-rush. Flowers on slender pedicels in a corymbiform inflorescence. Petals and sepals 1.5-2 mm. long. Flowers and capsule pale green; leaves thin, shining; seeds brown, ellipsoid. 1. J. parviflorum. Flowers and capsule dark brown; leaves thick, dull; seeds yellow, constricted at each end. 2. J. Pineri. Petals and sepals 3-3.5 mm. long. 3. J. glabratum. Flowers subsessile in head-like or spike-like clusters. Blades at least of the lower leaves flat, not attenuate into a subulate tip. Spikelets peduncled, forming a corymb. Flowers light yellow. 4. J. comosum. Flowers brown or ferruginous. 5. J. intermedium. Spikelets subsessile, forming a compound spike. Plant tall, 4-5 dm. high; inflorescence subcapitate; stem-leaves broad and flat: bractlets not ciliate. 6. J. subcapilatum. Plant 1-2, dm. rarely 4 dm. high. Bractlets ciliate; spike usually elongate and often nodding; stem-leaves narrow, attenuate. 7. J. spicatum. Bractlets lacerate, not ciliate; spike short, capitate. 8. J. arcticum. Blades of the leaves attenuate into subulate, almost pungent tips. Spikelets many-flowered; the lower on suberect or ascending peduncles; leaves erect. 9. ■/. hyperboreum. Spikelets few-flowered on arcuate-spreading peduncles; leaves arcuate-spreading. 10. J. arcuatum. Family 20. ALLIACEAE. Onion Family. Perianth-segments distinct or nearly so; style articulate to the 3-lobed capsule; bracts broad, spathaceous. 1. Allium. ONION FAMILY 53 Perianth-segments united into a tube, with adnate filaments; style not articulate to the capsule; bracts not spathaceous, distinct. Filaments not united into a tube; pedicels articulate; capsule ovate or oblong. Filaments apparently in one series. Filaments opposite to the petals wing-appendaged at the base; anthers basi- fixed; flowers subcapitate. 2. Dipterostemon. Filaments all deltoid; anthers versatile; flowers umbellate. 3. Hesperoscordion. Filaments in two series; the inner adnate to the free part of the petals; anthers versatile. 4. Tritileia. Filaments united into a tube; pedicels not articulate; capsule triquetrous, subglobose. 3. Androstephium. 1. ALLIUM (Tourn.) L. Onion, Garlic, Leek, Chives. Bulb crowning a persistent rootstock; outer coat more or less fibrous. Leaves terete and hollow; umbels dense, subcapitate. 1. A. sibiricum. Leaves flat or channeled, not hollow. Umbels rarely nodding; petals and sepals long-acuminate; capsule not crested. Stamens and styles exserted. 2. A. validum. Stamens and styles included, half as long as the petals. 3. A. brevistylum. Umbels nodding; petals and sepals obtuse or acute; capsule 6-crested; stamens and style exserted. Leaves rounded-convex on the back, not keeled, lunate in cross-section. 4. A. recurvalum. Leaves almost flat or keeled, somewhat broadly V-shaped in cross-section. Umbels many-flowered; leaves 3-5 mm. wide. 5. A.cernuum. Umbels few-flowered; leaves less than 3 mm. wide. 6. A.neo-mexicanum. Bulbs without a rootstock. Outer bulb-coat fibrous. Umbels bulblet-bearing; flowers few or sometimes none. Capsule with 6 rounded crests. 7. A. fibrosum. Capsule not crested. Petals and sepals ovate. 8. A. rubrum. Petals and sepals oblong-lanceolate. 9. A. canadense. Umbels not bulblet-bearing. Capsule not crested; involucre usually 3-leaved. Petals and sepals mth a thick rounded keel. 10. A. aridum. Petals and sepals not thickened on the back. 11. A. Nultallii. Capsule crested. Petals and sepals more than 1 cm. long; peduncles often 2 or 3; sheaths loose; bracts 3. 12. A. macropetalum. Petals and sepals less than 1 era. long; peduncles solitary; sheaths close. Bracts broadly ovate, usually 2, in flowers not reflexed; flowers white or light rose; several layers of the bulb-coat fibrous. Plant 1-3 dm. high; pedicels 8-12 mm. long; petals and sepals about 5 mm. long. 13. A. textile. Plant 2-6 dm. liigh; pedicels 12-25 mm. long; petals and sepals 6-8 mm. long. 14. A. Geyeri. Bracts lanceolate, usually 3, soon reflexed; only outer bulb-coat fibrous; flowers red-purple. 15. A. Pikeanum. Outer bulb-coat not fibrous, but often more or less reticulate. Petals more or less serrulate or denticulate on the margins. Petals and sepals acuminate, the former serrulate near the apex. Petals and sepals long-acuminate, one-half longer than the stamens. 16. A. acuminatum. Petals and sepals abruptly acuminate, only slightly longer than the sta- mens. 17. A. cuspidatum. Petals and sepals obtuse, deUcately denticulate below with spreading papillae. 18. A. simillimum. Petals entire, neither serrulate nor denticulate. Ovary and capsule crestless or indistinctly 3-crested. Petals and sepals obtuse or barely acutish. Leaves much longer than the scape. 18. A. simillimum. Leaves shorter than the scape. 19. A. scillioides. Petals and sepals acute or acuminate. Stamens exserted. 20. A. incisum. Stamens included. Reticulations of the bulb-coat irregular, narrow, with curved sides; the outer coat in age becoming flmbrillate. 20. A. fibrillum. Reticulations of the bulb-coat trapezoid, or elongated pent- or hex- agonal; the sides not strongly curved: no fimbrillae. Sepals and petals neither gibbous at the base, nor keeled on the back. Involucres 3-leaved; petals and sepals little exceeding the stamens. 22. A. tribracteatum. Involucres 2-leaved; petals and sepals at least half longer than the stamens. Petals and sepals half longer than the stamens; pedicels 8-15 mm. long. 23. A. Diehlii. Petals and sepals twice as long as the stamens ; pedicels about 4 mm. long. 24. A. minimum. Sepals and petals gibbous at the base and more or less keeled on the back below. 54 ALLIACEAE Scape flattened; leaf-blades 5-8 mm. wide. Scape much exceeding the leaves in length; stamens about equalUng the petals and sepals. 25. A. Doiiglassii. Scape low, often exceeded by the leaves; stamens much shorter than the petals and sepals. Stamens two-tliirds as long as the sepals; capsule scarcely crested. 26. A. Tolmiei. Stamens half as long as the sepals; capsules with 3 small crests. 27. A. Cusickii. Scape not flattened; leaf-blades 2-4 mm. wide. Petals about twice as long as the stamens; capsule not crested. 28. A. Brandegei. Petals barely exceeding the stamens; capsule with minute thick crests. 29. A. Nivii. Ovary and capsule di.«tinctly 6-crested. Stamens and styles exserted; petals and sepals acute or obtuse. 30. A. stellatum. Stamens and styles not exserted; petals and sepals acuminate. Leaves more than one. Reticulations of the bulb-coats sinuate; leaves shorter than the scape. Bulb-coat tliin, faintly reticulate; leaves 4-10 mm. wide. 31. A. bisceptum. Bulb-coat thick, strongly reticulate; leaves 1-3 mm. wide. 32. A. Palmeri. Reticulations of the bulb-coats straight; leaves longer than the scapes. 33. A. pleianthum. Ijeaves solitary, longer than the scape. Petals and sepals long-acuminate, nearly twice as long as the stamens. 34. A. cristatum. Petals and sepals acute or short-acuminate, slightly longer than the stamens. 35. A. netadensc. 2. DIPTEROSTEMON Rydb. Perianth-tube fimnelforra, gradually widening into the limb; bracts broad, conspicuously exceeding the pedicels. 1. D. capitatus. Perianth-tube cylindro-campanulate, abruptly widening into the limb; bracts narrow, often exceeded by some of the unequal pedicels. 2. D. pauciflorus. 3. HESPEROSCORDUM Lindl. i. H. lacteum. 4. TRITELEIA Dougl. Wild Hyacinth. i. r. grandiflora. 5. ANDROSTEPHIUM Torr. i. A. bretifloruw. Family 21. LILIACEAE. Lily Family. Plant with a short rootstock; flowers subumbellate on subterranean pedicels from the crown of the rootstock; petals and sepals united into a long tube. 1. Leucocrinxtm. Plant with bulbs or corms, either leafy-stemmed or scapiferous; petals and sepals distinct or nearly so. Bulb scaly; plant tall, leafy. Anthers versatile; petals and sepals oblanceolate, clawed, with a linear nectariferous groove. 2. LiLiUM. Anthers fixed near the base, slightly if at all versatile ; petals and sepals obovate- oblanceolate, not clawed ; nectary a shallow pit. Stvles distinct from the middle; flowers purple, mottled with yellowish green; frmt winged. 3. Fritill.^ria. Styles connate to the summit; flowers yellow or orange; fruit not winged. 4. OCHROCODON. Bulb tunicated. Anthers strictly basiflxed. Leaves 2, basal or nearly so; flowers nodding. 5. ERTTHRONltJM . Leaves several, alternate; flowers not nodding. Flowers in ours usually solitary; pedicels not jointed; dwarf alpine plant. 6. LiXJYDIA. Flowers racemose; pedicels jointed below the middle; not alpine. 7. EREXtpcRlNUM . Anthers versatile; scapose plants with racemose flowers. 8. Oa.\.M.\si\. 1. LEUCOCRINXTM Nutt. Star of Bethlehem, Mountain Lily, Wild Tuberose. l. L. montanum. 2. LILIUM (Tourn.) L. Lily. Flower erect, solitary or subumbellate; petals and sepals unguiculate. Leaves linear. " 1. L. umbellatum. Leaves lanceolate. 2. L. montanum. Flowers several, racemose, nodding; petals and sepals not unguiculate. 3. L. columbianum. LILY FAMILY 55 3. FRITILLARIA L. Tiger Lily, Leopard Lily. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. 1. F. Innceolata. Leaves narrowly linear. 2. F. atropurpurea 4. OCHROCODON Rydb. Yellow Bell. l. O. pudicus. 5. ERYTHRONIUM L. Dog-tooth Violet, Adder-tongue, Star-strikers. style more or less clavate. Anthers of the stamens subequal. Anthers 3-4 ram. long; rarely longer, light yellow. 1. E. parciflorum. Anthers 4-8 mm. long, usually purplish, in age j'ellowish. Petals 2-3 cm. long; their veins almost equal and equally distributed. 2. E. obtusatum. Petals 3-5 cm. long (in secondary flowers sometimes smaller) ; midvein prom- inent, separated from the ne.\t veins by rather broad veinless spaces, side veins branched and arcliing towards the margin. 3. E. grandiflorum. Anthers of the inner set of stamens much longer than those of the outer; veining of petals resembling that of E. grandiflorum. 4. E. utahense. Style filiform or nearly so; petals narrowly linear-lanceolate. 5. E. leptopetalum. 6. LLOYDIA Salisb. Alp Lily. i. L. serotina. 7. EREMOCRINUM M. E. Jones. Desert Lily. l. E. albomarginatim. 8. QUAMASIA Raf. Camash, Blue Camas, Wild Hyacinth, Swamp Sego. Flowers somewhat oblique, about 2 cm. long; divisions 3- veined, or some of them 4- or 5- veined. 1. Q. Quamash. Flowers regular, about 3 cm. long; divisions all .5-7- veined. 2. Q. SuksdorCii. Family 22. CONVALLARIACEAE. Lily-of-the-Valley Family. stem leafy; leaves alternate. Sepals and petals distinct. Flowers white, in terminal racemes or panicles; anthers introrse; stem simple. Petals and sepals 3; stamens 6. 1. V.\gnera. Petals and sepals 2; stamens 4. 2. Unifoltum. Flowers extra-axillary or terminal and solitary or in small umbelliform clusters; anthers extrorse or opening laterally; stem branched. Flowers extra-axillar\ , greenish white; filaments slender; anthers acute. Corolla campanuiate. 3. Streptopus. Corolla rotate. 4. Kruhsea. Flowers terminal, yellow; filaments dilated ; anthers obtuse. 5. Disporitsi. Sepals and petals partially united into a tube; flowers axillary. 6. Polygonatum. Stem scapiform; leaves basal; flowers in terminal umbels, or solitary and terminal. 7. Cltntonia. 1. VAGNERA Adans. Wild Spikenard, Wild Lily-of-the-Valley, False Solomon's Seal. Inflorescence paniculate. Petals and sepals scarcely half as long as the stamens; fruit dark purple. 1. V. brachypetala. Pe.,als and sepals almost equalling the stamens; fruit red with purple spots. Leaf-blades acuminate, the lower contracted at the base into distinct petioles; style about 0.5 mm. long. 2. V. racemosa. Leaf-blades acute, all sessile and more or less clasping; style fully 1 mm. long. 3. V. amplexicaulis. Inflorescence racemose. Leaves 6-12, sessile. Petals and sepals linear or linear-lanceolate. 4. V. leptopetala. Petals oblong-lanceolate. Pedicels short, slightly if at all longer than the flowers or the fruit; leaves lanceolate, acute. 5. V. stellata. Pedicels long, the lower often 2-3 times as long as the flowers or the fruit. Raceme strict; pedicels strongly ascending; leaves narrowly lanceolate. long-attenuate. 6. V. liliacea. Raceme zigzag; pedicels spreading; leaves broadly lanceolate, usually abruptly acuminate. 7. V. sessilifolia. Leaves 2-4, sheatliing the low stem. 8. V. trifolia. 2. UNIFOLIUM Adans. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal. I>eavessubsessile;bladescordate-clasping,withshallowandnarrowsinuses. 1. U. canadense. Stem-leaves distinctly petioled; blades with deep and open sinuses. 2. U. dilalatum. 3. STREPTOPUS Michx. Twisted-stalk. Plant branched; pedicels geniculate; berry white. 1. S. amplexifoHus. Plant simple; pedicels not geniculate; berry red. 2. S. curvipes. 56 CONVALLARIACEAE 4. KRUHSEA Kegel. l. K. streptopoides . 5. DiSPORUM Salisb. stigma 3-cleft; fruit deeply lobed, obtuse, papillose. 1. D. tr achy car pum. Stigma entire; fruit acutish, not papillose, but often pubescent. 2. D. oreganum. 6. POLYGONATUM (Toiirn.) Hill. Solomon's Seal. i. P. commutatum. 7. CLINTONIA Raf. . l. C. uniflora. Family 23. DRACAENACEAE. Yucca Family. Flowers perfect, large; ovary many-ovuled and fruit many-seeded. Styles evident; petals and sepals thin, petaloid, spreading in anthesis. 1. Yucca. Styles wanting: petals and sepals thick, inflexed. 2. Clistgyucca. Flowers polygamo-dioecious; ovules 2 in each cell, but capsule often 1-seeded. 3. NOLINA. 1. YUCCA (Rupp.) L. Yucca, Spanish Bayonet, Soap-weed, Soap-root, Grass Cactus. Fruit a dry capsule. Leaves narrowly linear, very long. Style stout, swollen, green. 1. Y. glauca. Style not swollen, white. 2. Y. angustissima. Leaves linear-lanceolate, short; style not swollen, white. Leaves not papillose. 3. Y. Harrimaniae. Leaves densely rough-papillose at least on the back. 4. Y. Gilbertiana. Fruit fleshy. 5. Y. baccata. 2. CLISTOYtJCCA (Engelm.) Trelease. Joshua Tree. l. C. hrevifoUa. 3. NOLINA Alichx. l. N. Greenei. Family 2-4. CALOCHORTACEAE. Mariposa Lily Family. 1. CALOCHORTUS Pursh. Sego Lily, Mariposa Lily, Butterfly Lily. Capsule winged. Petals 1..5-2.5 cm. long, strongly arched and broadly pitted; leaves single; scape 1-4- flowered; bracts lanceolate. Stem 1-2 dm. high; gland broad. 1. C. elegans. Stem 3-4 dm. high; gland very small. 2. C. apiculatus. Petals 2. .5-4 cm. long, less arched, not pitted; leaves usually 2; bracts linear. Purple spot of the petals lune-shapcd, broader than long. 3. C pavonaceus. Purple spot of the petals almost orbicular. 4. C. eurycarpus. Capsule not winged. Flowers white or lilac. Petals abruptly acuminate; gland oblong. Petals lilac, purplish, or Light blue, with greenish midvein. 5. C. mncrocarpus. Petals cream-colored, tinged with purple and sometimes with a purplish spot. 6. C. acuminatus. Petals rounded or merely acute at the apex. Anthers acute; gland broader than long. 7. C. Gunnisonii. Anthers obtuse; gland not broader than long. Stem eiect, bulbiferous near the base. 8. C. Nuttallii. Stem flexuose, not bulbiferous. 9. C. flexuostis. Flowers yellow. 10. C. aureus. Family 25. TRILLIACEAE. Trillium Family. 1, TRILLIUM L. Wake-robin, Birth-root. Flowers sessile; leaves long-petioled ; blades rounded. 1. T. petiolatum- Flowers peduncled; leaves subsessile, rhombic. 2. T. ovatum. Family 26. SMILACACEAE. Smilax Family. 1. NEMEXIA Raf. Carrion Flower, Smil.\x. l. N. lasioneuron. Family 27. AMARYLLIDACEAE. Amaryllis Family. Perennial herbs, with fleshy leaves (often spiny-toothed), clustered on the caudex; anthers versatile; flowers in spikes or panicles. 1. Agave. AMARYLLIS FAMILY 57 Perennial herbs, with grass-Uke leaves, from a subterranean corm or short rootstock; anthers erect; flowers in ours umbellate. 2. Hypoxis. 1. AGAVE L. AjVierican Aloe, Century Plant. i. A. utahensis. 2. HYPOXIS L. Star-grass. l. H. hirsuta. Family 28. IRIDACEAE. Iris Family. styles alternate with the stamens; filaments more or less imited; flowers rather small: sepals and petals similar. Filaments united to near the top; flowers blue or wWte, rarely rose-purple. 1. SiSYRTNCHIUM. Filaments united onlj at the base; flowers rose or purple. 2. Olsynium. Styles opposite to and arching over the stamens, petal-hke; filaments distinct ; flowers large; sepals and petals unlike. 3. IRIS. 1. SISYRINCHIUM L. Blue-eyed Grass. stems bearing several peduncles from leaf-bearing nodes. 1. S. radicatum. Stems simple and leafless, with sessile terminal spathe (casually with a terminal leaf- bearing node and a peduncle). Outer bract of spathe little or not at all longer than the inner one, rarely surpassing it by more than one-third its length. Small and slender; flowers 10 mm. or less long; capsules less than 3 mm. high. 2. S. halophilum. Stouter; flowers 12 mm. or more long; capsules 4 mm. or more liigh. Outer bract 2-3 cm. long; flowers becoming 14 mm. long. 3. S. otcidentale. Outer bract 3-6 cm. long; flowers becoming 18 ram. long. 4. .S. idahoense. Outer bract of spathe conspicuously prolonged, sometimes 2-3 times longer than the mner one. Plant developing capsules among the bases of the leaves different in form from those of the terminal spathes. 5. S. heterocarpum. Xo basal capsules. Stem winged or margined. Perianth-segments not emarginate, narrowed to the aristulate tip. Stems and leaves mostly 1-2 mm. wide; capsule obovoid-oblong, 6-7 mm. long. 6. S. alpestre. Stems and leaves mostly under 1 mm. wide; capsule obovoid or sub- globose, 3-5 mm. long. 7. S. septentrionale. Perianth-segments more or less retuse or abruptly contracted to the aristulate apex. Stems and leaves mostly 1.5-2.5 mm. wide; capsules 4-6 mm. high. 8. S. angustifolium. Stems and leaves mostly 1.5 mm. or less in width; capsules 2—4 mm. high. Bracts of spathe smooth ; valves of capsule veinless. 9. S. mucronatum. Bracts of spathe minutely scabrellous; valves of capsule sparsely veno.se. 10. S. campestre. Stem practically marginless. 11. iS. inalatum. 2. OLSYNIUM Raf. l. O. grandiflorum. 2. IRIS L. Blue Flag, Fleur-de-lis. i. /. missouriensis. Family 29. ORCHIDACEAE. Orchis Family. Fertile stamens 2 ; lip a large inflated sack. Sepals distinct; lip with an almost conical obtuse prolongation below. 1. Criosanthes. Lower sepals united; lip rounded-saccate. 2. Cypripedium. Fertile stamen 1. Pollinia caudate at the base, attached to a viscid disk or gland. Glands enclosed in a pouch-like fold; lip 3-lobed. 3. Orchis. Glands not enclosed in a pouch. Gland surrounded by a thin membrane; lip toothed at the apex. 4. Coeloglossum. Gland naked; lip entire. Sepals 3-5-nerved; plants with rootstock or flbro-fleshy roots. Stem scapiform; leaves 1-2, basal; anther-sacks divergent; plants in ours with rootstocks. Basal leaves 2; ovary straight. 5. Lysl\s. Basal leaf 1 ; ovary arcuate. 6. Lysiell.a.. Stem leafy; anther-ceUs parallel or nearly so; plants with fleshy-flbrous roots. 7. LiMNORCHIS. Sepals 1-nerved; plants with rounded or oblong, undivided biennial corms. 8. PIPERIA. 58 ORCHIDACEAE Pollinia not produced into caudicles. Pollinia granulose or powdery. Anthers operculate; leaves alternate. Green plants, with large leaves. 9. Serapias. Plant white, turning brownish; leaves reduced, scale-like. 10. Ebxjrophtton. Anthers not operculate. Leaves green, borne on the stem. Leaves alternate; spike mostly twisted. 11. IBIDIUM. Leaves 2, opposite; spike not twisted. 12. OpHRYS. Leaves usually white-reticulate, basal. 13. Peramium. Pollinia smooth or waxy. Plants with corms or soUd bulbs, rarely with coralloid roots; leaves not scale- like. Leaves unfolding before or with the flowers. Lip flat; flowers racemed. Leaves caxillne; column short; pollinia clavate. 14. MAL.\^XI3. Leaves basal; column elongated; pollinia globose. 15. LIP.\RI3. Lip saccate; flower solitary. 16. Cytherea. Leaf 1, unfolding after the flowering time. 17. Aplectrum. Plants with coralloid roots, bulbless ; leaves reduced to scales. 18. Corallorrhiza . 1. CRIOSANTHES Raf. R.oi's-head. Ram's-head L.\dies' Slipper. 1. C. arietinum. 2. CYPRIPEDIUM L. Ladies' Slipper. Leaves alternate: flowers solitary, terminal, or also several singly in the a.xils of the upper leaves. Sepals obovate to broadly obovate or oval, not longer than the lip; sterile stamen elliptic-cordate. 1. C. passerinum. Sepals lanceolate, attenuate, often longer than the Up. Lip white, purple-veined; sterile stamen ovate or obovate. 2. C. monlanuni. Lip yellow; sterile stamen triangular, yellow and purple-spotted. Lip 2-2.5 cm. long, broader than deep; lower sepal narrower than the upper one, exceeding the lip. 3. C. parviflorum. Lip 3-4 cm. long, deeper than broad ; lower sepal fully as broad as the upper one or broader, usually shorter than the lip. 4. C. reganum. Leaves 2, opposite or nearly so; flowers usually several in a contracted bracted spike. 5. C. Knightae. 3. ORCHIS (Tourn.) L. Orchis. l. O. rotundi folia. 4. COELOGLOSSUM Hartman. l. C. bracteatum. 5. LYSIAS Salisb. Leaves orbiculai or rounded oval; spur sUghtly clavate at the apex. 1. L. orhiculata. Leaves oval or ovate; spur strongly clavate and curved at the apex. 2. L. Menziesii. 6. LYSIELLA Rydb. l. L. obtusata. 7. LIMNORCHIS Rydb. Bog Orchid. Lip more or less lanceolate, i. e., broad near the base. Flowers greenish or purpUsh; lip not rhombic at the base. Spur decidedly clavate, tliickeued and obtuse at the apex, shorter than tlie lip. Petals purplish; spur only one-half to two-thirds the length of the lip, very saccate. Lip linear or nearly so, 5-7 mm. long; ovary slightly curved; spike usually elongated. 1. L. stricta. Lip lanceolate, fleshy, 4-5 mm. long; ovary stronglj' curved ; spike usually short. 2. L. purpurascens. Petals greenish; spur almost equalling the lip. 3. L. viridiflora. Spur slender, scarcely tliickened at all towards the apex, often acutish, equal- hng or slightly exceeding the lip; plant tall and stout; flowers comparatively large; sepals 4-6 mm long. 4. L. media. Flowers white or nearly so; lip lanceolate, decidedly dilated, subrhombic at the base. Spur only slightly if at all exceeding the lip. Spur usually shorter than the Up and clavate. 5. L. borealis. Spur equaUing or slightly exceeding the lip, slightly or not at all clavate. 6. L. dilalata. Spur from one-fourth to two-thirds longer than the lip. 7. L. leucostachys. Lip linear, i. e., not at all dilated at the base. Spur shorter than the lip, decidedly saccate. 1. L. slricta. Spur much exceeding the Up, filiform. Spike comparatively dense. 8. L. ensifolia. Spike very lax. 9. L. laxiflora. ORCHIS FAMILY 59 1. p. unalaschensis. 8. PIPERIA Rydb. Wood Orchid. Spur slightly exceeding the lip. Spur 2-3 times as long as the lip, filiform. Lip linear to lanceolate, about 6 mm. long; spike dense; spur 15-18 mm. long. 2. P. muliiflora. Lip ovate or ovate-lanceolate; spike looser; spur 10-12 mm. long. 3. P. elegans. 9. SERAPIAS L. Helleborine. 10. EBUROPHYTON HeUer. 1. S. gigantca. 1. E. Auslinae. 11. IBIDIUM Salisb. Ladies' Tresses. Callosities at the base of the Up obsolete; lower sepals coherent with the petals and upper sepals. 1. G. strictum. Callosities nipple-shaped, directed downwards; lower sepals free. 2. G. porrifolium. 12. OPHRYS (Tourn.) L. Tway-blade, Twifole. Lip broad, slightly 2-cleft at the apex, with or without a mucro in the sinus. Lip with distinct rounded auricles, slightly cleft at the ape.x; no mucro. 1. O. borealis. Lip with no auricles , but in their place two divergent small teeth at the base ; mucro present. Lip imguiculate; lateral teeth small, without a papilla at the base. 2. O. conrallarioides. Lip not unguiculate; lateral teeth prominent, with a papilla at the base. 3. O. caurina. Lip narrow, 2-cleft for about half its length uito linear-lanceolate lobes, without a mucro, with narrow teeth at the base. 4. O. nephrophylla. 13. PERAMIUM Salisb. Rattlesnake Plantain. Lip evidently saccate, with recurved margins. Lip scarcely saccate, with incurved margins. 14. MALAXIS Soland. Adder's Mouth. Lip ovate, acuminate. Lip broadly obcordate, with a tooth in the sinus 15. LIPARIS L. C. Rich. Twayblade. 16. CYTHEREA Salisb. Calypso, Venus' Slipper. Beard of the lip yellow. Beard of the Up white. 17. APLECTRUM Nutt. Adam and Eve, Putty-root. 18. CORALLORRHIZA R. Br. Coral-root. Spur small, adnata to the ovary. Lip entire, ovate, sinuate; whole plant yeUow. Lip with 2 lobes or teeth below the middle; plant browmsh, rarely yeUowish. Column about half as long as the petals ; sepals erect. Lip unspotted; teeth or lobes small; spur very small. 2. C Corallorrhiza. Lip spotted; lobes prominent; spur manifest. 3. C. multiflora. Column almost equalling the petals; sepals refle.xed. 4. C Mertensiana. Spur lacking. Petals and sepals 12-14 mm. long, elUptic. 5. C. striata. Petals and sepals 7-8 mm. long, oblong. 6. C. Vreelandii. 1. 2. P. ophioides. P. decipiens. 1. 2. M. monophijlla. M. unifolia. 1. L. LoeseUi. 1. 2. C. bulbosa. C. occidentalis. 1. A. spicatum. 1. C. ochroleuca. Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. Family 30. SALICACEAE. Willow Family. Bractlets incised; flowers with a cup-shaped disk; stamens usually more than 10; stigmas expanded; winter-buds with several scales 1. Populus. Bractlets entire or denticulate; flowers with one or more glands; stamens 2-7, in most species only 2; stigmas narrow; winter-buds with but 1 scale each. 2. S.\Lrx. 1. POPULUS (Tourn.) L. Poplar, Cottonwood, Aspen. Leaves not white-tomentose beneath, toothed or rarely entire. Petioles strongly flattened laterally. Leaves suborbicular, acute or very short-acuminate, finely crenate or subentire. Leaf-blades with 2 conspicuous glands beneath at the base. I. P. cercidiphylla. Leaf-blades not glandular at the base. 2. P. iremuloides. Leaves broadly deltoid, cordate, or ovate, abruptly acuminate, coarsely toothed, especially about the middle. Cup of the pistillate flowers 6-8 mm. broad. Pedicels equalling or exceeding the capsules ; leaf-blades longer than broad ; teeth few, less than 10 on each side. .3. P. Wislizeni. Pedicels shorter than the capsules ; leaf-blades usually broader than long ; teeth more than 10 on each side, sometimes obscure. 4. P. Fremontii. Cup of the pistiUate flowers less than 5 mm. broad; teeth of the leaves many, more than 10 on each side; pedicels shorter than the capsule. Leaves flabellate-cordate, with a broad, concave, entire sinus. 5. P. Sargentii. Leaf-blades ovate, rounded or cuneate at the base, which is more or less toothed ; only the blades of the young shoots cordate. 6. P. Besseyana. Petioles terete or nearly so. Petioles at least half as long as the blades; blades cordate, ovate, or broadly lan- ceolate. Leaves green on both sides, abruptly long-acuminate. 7. P. acuminata. Leaves paler beneath, acute or somewhat acuminate. Fruit sessile, usually 3-carpellary. Ovary and capsule densely pubescent, subglobose. 8. P. trichocarpa. Ovary and fruit glabrous, but slightly warty, ovoid. 9. P. hastata. Fruit pedicelled, 2-carpellary, glabrous; capsule ovoid. Twigs, petioles, and veins glabrous. 10. P. balsamifera. Twigs, petioles, and veins of the lower surface of the leaves more or less pubescent. 11. P. candicans. Petioles about one-third as long as the blade or less. Leaves cordate at the base. 12. P. Tueedyi. Leaf-blades lanceolate, usually acute at the base. 13. P. angustifolia. Leaves white-tomentose beneath, often lobed. 14. P. alba. 2. SALIX (Tourn.) L. Willow. Capsule glabrous, or slightly silky when young in nos. 12, 14, and 16. Filaments hairy, at least below; bractlets caducous, light yellow; style very short, obsolete, or none, evident only in nos. 16 and 18; aments in all ours on short leafy branches. Stamens 3-7; stipe slender, 2-5 times as long as the nectaries. Petioles without glands; leaves remotely serrulate, tliin. I. Amygd.vlinae. Petioles with glands; leaves densely glandular-serrate, firmer. II. Pent.\ndr.\e. stamens 2; stipes usually very short. Leaf-blades lanceolate, acuminate. III. Alb.\e. Leaf-blades linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, rarely acuminate. IV. LONGIFOLU.E. Filaments glabrous; bractlets persistent, rarely light yellow. Trees, or erect or ascending shrubs, several dm. high; leaf-blades more than 1 cm. long; style evident. V. Cordatae. Depressed prostrate shrubs, 1-3 cm. high; leaf-blades less than 1 cm. long; style none. VI. Retusae. Capsule hairy. Filaments hairy; bractlets caducous; leaf-blades linear to lanceolate, not very veiny. IV. Longifoliae. Filaments glabrous, or if somewhat hairy, leaf-blades oval or orbicular, very veiny; bractlets persistent. Capsule rostrate, distinctly stipitate; style none or short, always shorter than the stipe. Stipe equalling or exceeding the bractlets; style 0.5 mm. long or less. VII. Rostratae. Stipe shorter than the bractlets; style usually 1 mm. long. VIII. Capre.ie. eo WILLOW FAMILY 61 CapsTile scarcely rostrate, subsessile or, if stipitate, stipe shorter than the style. Style evident, at least 0.5 mm. long. Leaves permanently silky or tomentose beneath. IX. Argenteae. Leaves neither silky-wlute nor tomentose beneath. X. Arcticae. Style none; depressed or low shrubs, with entire strongly reticulate leaves. XI. Reticul.\tae. I. Amygdalinae. Bractlets entire. Leaves narrowly lanceolate; petioles short. Bark of twigs brownish ; aments long and lax ; leaf-blades broadest below the mid- dle, long-acuminate. 1. S. nigra. Bark of twigs Ught yellow; aments short and dense; leaf-blades usually broadest at or above the middle, short-acuminate. 2. S. Wrightii. Leaf-blades broadly lanceolate; petioles slender, 6-15 mm. long. 3. S. amygdaloides. Bractlets denticulate. 4. S. laevigata. II. Pentandrae. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, acute, drying blackish; bractlets of the staminate araents ovate, and of pistillate lanceolate, neither toothed. 5. S. erythrocoma. Leaves lanceolate to ovate; bractlets of the staminate aments obovate or spatulate, usually toothed; those of the pistillate aments oblong. Bractlets densely white- villous ; stipe of the capsules scarcely twice as long as the nectaries. 6. S. serissima. Bractlets sparingly hairy; stipe of the capsules 3-4 times as long as the nectaries. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate; glands of the leaves very prominent; those on the petioles often stalked. 7. S. lucida. Leaves lanceolate; glands of the leaf-blades not very prominent; those on the petioles always sessile. Leaf-blades usually less than 1 dm. long, green on both sides; aments short. 8. S. Fendleriana. Mature leaf-blades often 1 dm. long, glaucous beneath; aments elongate. 9. S. Lyallii. III. Albae. One species. 10. S. alba. IV. Longifouae. Capsule glabrous or slightly silky when young. Leaves with close serrations, glaucous and prominently veined beneath. 11. S. melanopsis. Leaves entire or with distant serrations, neither glaucous nor strongly veined beneath. Styles none. Leaves permanently silky. Leaves 3-5 mm. wide; ovary without a hairy swelling at the apex. 12. S. exigua. Leaves 2-3 mm. wide; ovary with a hairy swelhng at the apex. 13. S. slenophylla. Leaves glabrous in age, or nearly so. Leaves linear-lanceolate; bractlets ovate or obovate, obtuse. 14. S. interior. Leaves narrowly hnear; bractlets lanceolate, acute. 15. S. linearifolia. Styles evident; aments dense; bractlets densely silky. 16. S. sessilifolia. Capsule permanently densely pubescent. Stigma sessile; leaves entire or nearly so. 17. S. argophylla. Stigma on a distinct style, wliich is 0.5 mm. long; leaves dentate. 18. S. macrostachya. V. Cordatae. Leaves wliite-tomentose or white-villous beneath. Leaves entire, or minutely denticulate; aments 3-4 cm. long; bractlets silky-pUose. Leaves permanently appressed-silky. 19. S. Sandberg'ii. Leaves in age glabrous and shining, at least above. 20. S. lasiolepis. Leaves usually crenate, villous, 3-8 cm. long; aments 3-6 cm. long; bractlets densely villous. 21. S. Hookeriana. Leaves glabrous or hairy, but not densely white-pubescent beneath. Branches without a bloom. Capsule long-stipitate; stipe in fruit 1.5-6 mm. long, equalling or exceeding the bractlets; style 0.5 mm. long or less. Leaves dark green above; young branches not light yellow; aments on short leafy branches. Mature leaves rather thin, dull; length of the blade less than three times its width. 22. S. balsamifera. Mature leaves firm, dark green, shining above, pale beneath; length of the blade three times the width or more. Stipe in fruit 2^ times as long as the bractlets; mature leaves slightly serrate. 23. S. Mackenziana. Stipe slightly if at all exceeding the bractlets. Mature leaves lanceolate, strongly serrate. 24. S. cordala. Mature leaves oblong or oblanceolate, entire. 25. S. pedicillaris. I^eaves yellowish green; young branches light yeUow; aments naked or sub- tended by a few small leaves. 62 SALICACEAE Leaves usually long-acuminate, serrate. 26. S. lutea. Leaves acute or rarely short-acuminate, entire or indistinctly crenulate. 27. S. Walsonii. Capsule short-stipitate or subsessile; stipe in fruit less than 1.5 mm. long and much shorter than the bractlets; style 0.5-1 mm. long. Leaves more or less dentate, rarely subentire. Young leaves and twigs rather densely pubescent with long white hairs; the former glandular-denticulate or dentate. Bractlets fuscous. 28. S. Barklayi. Bractlets yellowish or Light brown. 29. S. commulata. Young leaves glabrous or sUghtly pubescent. Capsules 7-8 mm. long; leaf-blades broadly ovate or obovate, glandular- dentate. 30. S. Tweedyi. Capsule 4-6 mm. long; leaf-blades narrowly obo.vate to lanceolate. Leaves dark green above, not reticulate. Leaves blackening in drying, finely glandular-dentate. 31. S. conjuncta. Leaves not blackening in drying. Leaves thin, ovate, elliptic, or obovate, Ught green and dull above; capsule ovoid. 32. S. padophylla. Leaves thick, firm, sliining above; capsule lance-ovoid. Style 0.5-1 mm. long; aments on short leafy branches, 2-3 cm. long. 33. ,S. monticola. Style 1-1.5 mm. long; aments subsessile, 3-4 cm long. 34. S. curliflora. Leaves yellowish green, conspicuously reticulate, thin. Leaves acute or acuminate, serrate. 35. S. pseudomyrsiniles. Leaves obtuse or rounded at the ape.x, crenate. 36. S. myrtillifolia Leaves entire, linear, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or oblong; aments subsessile. naked. Leaves permanently silky; a low shrub. 37. 5. Wolfii. Leaves glabrous in age; tree or tall shrub. 20. S. lasiolepis. Branches with a bloom, ptirple. 38. S. irrorata. VI. Retus.\e. One species. 39. S. Dodgeana. VII. ROSTRAT.\E. Leaves Unear to lanceolate or oblanceolate. Leaves sharply serrate, narrowly lanceolate, 5-10 cm. long. 40. S. petiolaris. Leaves entire or nearly so, linear, less than 5 cm. long. Leaves more or less silky, oblanceolate; branches purplish, usually with a bloom. 41. S. Geyeriana. Leaves not silky, Unear; branches without a bloom. 42. S. gracilis. Leaves ovate to obovate or broadly oblanceolate. Bracts fuscous, obovate or cuneate. 43. S. discolor. Bracts yellow, hnear-oblong or lanceolate. Mature leaves tliin, glabrous. 44. S. perroslrala. Matiu"e leaves firm, pubescent or tomentose beneath. 45. 5'. Bebbiana. VIII. Capreae. Capsule 8-10 mm. long; at least the staminate aments not leafy-bracted. Leaves obovate, entire or nearly so, densely silky and fulvous, almost velutinous when young, in age glabrate above; bractlets fuscous, obovate. 46. S. Scouleriana. Leaves oblanceolate, closely and finely serrulate, puberulent when young ; bractlets yellow, oblong. 67. S. MacCalliana. Capsule 6 mm. long or less; aments leafy-bracted. Bractlets black, thinly pilose; style about 1 mm. long; leaves glabrate in age. 47. .S. Lemmoni. Bractlets brownish, villous; style about 0.5 mm. long; leaves silvery-silky beneath. 54. 5. argyrocarpa. IX. Argentea. Aments more than 1 cm. broad ; ovary over 5 mm. long. Leaves obovate, ovate, or broadly oblanceolate. Bractlets obovate, fuscous; leaves usually obovate. Twigs wliite- villous ; leaf-blades entire. 48. S. alaxensis. Twigs puberulent; leaf-blades usually glandular-denticulate. 49. 5. Barratliana- Bractlets oblong, yellow; leaf-blades usually broadly oblanceolate. 63. S. Seemannii. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; bractlets oblong. Leaves silvery-silky beneath, not strongly reticulate; bractlets black. 50. S. bella. Leaves white-tomentose beneath, strongly reticulate; bractlets brown. 51. S. Candida. Aments less than 1 cm. broad; ovary less than 5 mm. long. Leaves broadly obovate. Twigs puberulent; bractlets light brown; stamen 1. 52. S. sitchensis. Twigs glabrous; bractlets blackish; stamens 2. 53. S. Drummondiana. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate. WILLOW FAMILY 63 Bractlets yellow or brown; stipes 3-4 times as long as the nectaries ; style less than 0.5 mm. long. 54. S. argyrocarpa. Bractlets fuscous; stipes less than twice as long as the nectaries. Style about 0.5 mm. long; bractlets obtuse. 55. iS. arbitsculoides. Style 1-2 mm. long. Branches without a bloom; leaves tomentose beneath. 56. S. pellita. Branches with a bloom; leaves wliite-silky beneath. Aments peduncled and leafy-bracted. 57. S. subcoerulea. Araents sessile and naked. 58. S. pachnophora. X. Abcticae. Aments on leafy peduncles. Leaves grayish villous on both sides, less so on the upper. Twigs white- villous or silky; branches yellow or grayish. Leaves villous; capsules densely pube.scent. 59. S. brachycarpa. Leaves silky; capsules finely and sparingly pubescent. 60. iS. idahoensis. Twigs puberulent; branches usually purplish. Bractlets black or with blackish tips. Leaves oblong, 2-3 cm. long; bractlets obovate; branches divergent. 61. S. pseudolapponum. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, 3-6 cm. long; bractlets oblong; branches ascending. 62. S. glaucops. Bractlets yellow, oblong. 63. S. Seemannii. Leaves glabrate or when young covered with white hairs parallel to the midrib. Shrubs not creeping, although often depressed. Leaves broadly oval, often minutely glandular-dentate. 64. S. subcordata. Leaves narrower. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate, or ovate. Leaves 2-4 cm. long; capsule 3-5 mm. long. Bractlets yellow or brown, oblong; leaves elUptic or oblanceolate, thin, darkening in drying; twigs purple. 65. S. desertorum. Bractlets fuscous at the apex; leaves oblong, not blackening in drying. 61. S. pseudolapponum. Leaves 4-6 cm. long. Bractlets fuscous; leaves elliptic or oblong, obtuse or acute, usually reticulate; glabrous only in age. 62. S. glaucops. Bractlets yellow or brown; leaves usually short-acuminate, glabrous except when very young, not reticulate. Leaves entire or sparingly glandular-denticulate, oblanceolate. 66. S. Austinae. Leaves finely serrulate, elUptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate. 67. 5. MacCalliana. Leaves linear-lanceolate. 68. S. saskatchewana. Shrubs creeping; arctic or alpine. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate; aments many-flowered. 69. S. petrophila. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate; aments few-flowered. 70. S. cascadensis. Aments naked, from lateral buds. Leaves oblanceolate, strongly veined. 71. S. Nelsonii. Leaves elliptic, not strongly veined. 72. S. chlorophylla. XI. Reticulatae. Leaves covered beneath with long white silky hairs. 73. S. Fernaldii. Leaves at least in age not silky. Leaf-blade over 1 cm. long; aments comparatively many-flowered. Filaments very hairy on the lower part; leaves strongly reticulate; bracts broadly obovate, fuscous, the upper portion almost glabrous. 74. S. orbicularis. Filaments almo.st glabrous ; leaves less strongly reticulate; bracts cuneate-oblong, yellow, almost glabrous. 75. S. saximonlana. Leaf-blade 1 cm. or less long; aments few-flowered; bractlets yellow, almost glabrous. 76. S. nivalis. Family 3L FAGACEAE. Beech Family. 1. QUERCUS (Tourn.) L. Oak. Leaves lobed or divided, not evergreen; lobes romided, obtiise or acute, but not spinulose- tipped. Leaves bright green, early deciduous. Upper scales of the cup with caudate prolongations. 1. Q. macrocarpa. LTpper scales of the cup not prolonged. Mature leaves softly pubescent, almost velvety beneath, deeply divided. Scales of the cup tliln, not much thickened on the back. 2. Q. submollis. Scales of the cup corky-thickened on the back. 3. Q. ulahensis. Mature leaves glabrate, puberulent, or somewhat pubescent, but not velvety beneath. 64 FAGACEAE Cup flat, covering less than one-fourth of the acorn. 4. Q. Vreelandii. Cup hemispheric, covering one-tliird to one-half of the acorn. Mature leaves very thin, glabrate beneath or puberulent only on the veins; cup covering about one-half of the acorn. 5. Q. leptophylla. Mature leaves flrrn, puberulent beneath; cup covering about one-third of the acorn. Leaves mostly oblong in outUne, lobed half way to the midrib or less, rather dull. 6. Q. Gunnisonii. Leaves obovate in outline, divided deeper than half way to the mid- rib, very shining above. Lobes of the leaves broadly oblong, rounded at the apex. 7. Q. Gambellii. Lobes of the leaves ovate or triangular, acute. 8. Q. novomexicana. Leaves pale or bluish green, more persistent. Leaves broadly obovate, with narrow sinuses. 9. Q. Eastwoodiae. Leaves oblong-obovate, or elliptic; sinuses broad. Lobes oblong-ovate, obtuse or acutish, not mucronate. 10. Q. venustula. Lobes triangular-ovate, mucronate. 11. Q. Fendleri. Leaves persistent, usually evergreen, entire, sinuate or dentate, or if more deeply lobed, the lobes with spinulose tips. Cup hemispheric; acorns barrel-shaped. Scales of the cups decidedly corky-thickened on the back. Leaves decidedly crisp, sinuately lobed; lobes distinctly sptnulose-tipped. 12. Q. pungens. Leaves flat, sinuate-dentate or entire; teeth mucronate, or sometimes slightly spinulose-tipped . Acorns 6-7 mm. tlilck; cup shallow, enclosing about one-third of the acorn; leaves usually sinuate-dentate. 13. Q. undulata. Acorns about 1 cm. thick or more; cup deeper, enclosing about half of the acorn. Leaves usually entire, except those of the young shoots. 14. Q. grisea. Leaves lobed, with few (5-7) lobes. 1.5. Q. panciloba. Scales of the cups thin, only sUghtly thickened on the back; leaves glabrate and shining above in age. 16. Q. Wilcoxii. Cup more or less turbinate; acorns elongated-ovoid. 17. Q. turbinella. Family 32. BETULACEAE. Birch Family. Bracts of the mature pistUlate ameats membranous, in ours 3-lobed, deciduous with the fruit. 1. Betul.\. Bracts of the mature pistillate aments thickened and woody, persistent. 2. Alnus. 1. BETULA (Tourn.) L. Birch. Bark separating into layers or sheets, the very thin outer layer peeling into small shreds ; all trees. Bark chalky white to silvery gray. Leaves broadly ovate, with acute apex, mostly subcordate base, and spreading teeth; twigs mostly glabrous; middle lobe of the bractlets acute, slightly longer than the roimded lateral ones. 1. B. subcordala. Leaves narrowly ovate, with long-acute or acuminate apex, rounded or cuneate base, and teeth directed forward : twigs pubescent ; middle lobe of the bractlets narrow, rounded at the apex, about twice as long as the acute or obtuse lateral ones. 2. B. papyrifera. Bark yellowish or reddish brown, often very dark; twigs ver>' glandular. Leaves ovate, very thin, dark green, acute at the apex, irregularly doubly-serrate, with long-pointed, slender teeth. .3. B. occidenlalis. ■ Leaves deltoid or ovate, tliick, bronze-green, long-acuminate at the apex, coarsely and more regularly serrate. 4. B. alaskana. Bark not separating into layers; outer bark not peeling into slireds. Samara-wing broader than the body. Twigs and branchlets glandular-resiniferous, not hairy. Lateral lobes of the bractlets spreading, obliquely ovate, auricled at the base; trees. Leaves very thin; fruiting aments narrowly cylindric, elongate, less than 1 cm. tliick; lateral lobes of the bractlets obtuse or rounded; claw much shorter than the middle lobe. 5. B. Piperi. Leaves tliick; fruiting aments broadly cylindric, stout, more than 1 cm. tliick; lateral lobes of the bractlets mostly acute; claw as long as the middle lobe. 6. B. utahensis. Lateral lobes of the bractlets ascending, obliquely rhombic, not auricled at the base; shrubs or trees. Slirubs or small shrub-hke trees; bark sliining, dark red-brown, smooth; leaves broadly ovate, usually less than 4 cm. long, coarsely and irregu- larly serrate, tlun, dark green, obtuse or acute at the apex, mostly rounded at the base; twigs densely glandular-resiniferous. 7. B. fonlinalis. BIRCH FAMILY 65 Trees, often very large, never shrub-like; bark ashy gray or brown, rough- ened; leaves ovate, sometimes lobed, 4-7 cm. long, finely serrate, dull bronze-green, acute at the apex, truncate at the base; twigs but slightly glandular-resiniferous. 8. B. montanensis. Twigs and branchlets more or less pubescent, not or sparingly glandular-resini- ferous; shrubs or shrub-like trees. Leaves oval or rhombic-ovate. Leaves narrowly oval or rhombic-ovate, 6 cm. long or more, sharply -serrate or dentate; apex acute, base cuneate; twigs finely pubescent, not glandu- lar; middle lobe of the bractlets triangular, obtuse; lateral lobes rounded. obUquelv rhombic; fruiting aments 2-4 cm. long. 9. B. Sandbergii. Leaves broadly oval, less than 4 cm. long, acute at both ends, serrate or serrate-crenate; twigs pubescent and sparingly glandular; middle lobe of the bractlets rouhded, as broad as or broader than the ascending lateral ones; fruiting aments less than 2 cm. long. 10. B. Elrodiana. Leaves obovate, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base; twigs puberulent and with scattered coarse hairs, sparingly glandular. 11. B. obovata. Samara-wing narrower than the body ; shrubs mostly low. Twigs and branchlets pubescent, slightly glandular. Leaves finely crenate or crenate-serrate, oval, acute at both ends; twigs at first puberulent, at length glabrate. 12. B. crenata. Leaves coarsely serrate, obovate. acute or obtiise at the apex, cuneate at the base; twigs" with long scattered coarse hairs. 13. B. glandulifera. Twigs and branchlets glabroxis. densely glandular-resiniferous; leaves obovate or orbicular, crenate-serrate. 14. B. glandulosa. 2. ALNUS (Tourn.) Hill. Alder. Nut bordered on each side with a membranous wing-margin, fully as broad as the nut; twigs resinous-granuliferous ; stamens 4. Leaves irregularly serrate, usually very oblique at the base, slightly paler beneath. 1. A. fruticosa. Leaves incised and sharply double-serrate, green on both sides. 2. A. sinuala. Nut merely acute-margined. Leaves distinctly lobed and doubly serrate; stamens 4. Mature leaves pubescent, especially beneath, usually glaucous beneath; bark white-speckled. 3. A. incana. Mature leaves glabrous, except on the veins beneath and in their axils, green on both sides; bark not speckled. 4. A. lenuifolia. Leaves not lobed. merely sinuate and glandular-dentate; stamens 1-3, usually 2. 5. A. rhombifolia. Family 33. CORYLACEAE. Hazelnut Family. Pistillate flowers many in a cylindric ament; nuts small, enclosed in a bladdery bract. 1. OSTBYA. Pistillate flowers few in a head-Uke ament; nut large, in a leaf-Uke involucre. 2. CORYLDS. 1. dSTRYA (Mich.) Scop. Ironwood, Hop-hornbeam. l. O. virginiana. 2. CORYLUS (Tourn.) L. Hazelnut. Twigs glabrous or nearly so; beak of the involucre fully twice as long as the nut, strongly ribbed. 1. C. roslrata. Twigs decidedly hirsute, sometimes somewhat glandular; beak of involucre not more than half longer than the nut, not strongly ribbed. 2. O. californica. Family 34. ULMACEAE. Elm Family. Fruit a samara; embryo straight. 1- Ulmus. Fruit a drupe; embryo with conduplicate cotyledons. 2. Celtis. 1. ULMUS (Tourn.) L. Elm. l. U. amcricana. 2. CELTIS (Tourn.) L. Hackberry. Leaf-blades neither coriaceoiis nor pale beneath, nor strongly rugose. Leaves smooth above. 1- C. occidentalis. Leaves very rough, pustulate-scabrous above. 2. C. crassifoiia. Leaf-blades coriaceous, strongly reticulate and rugose, paler beneath, often yellowish green. Leaf-blades strongly pubescent beneath. Pedicels 15-20 mm. long, more than twice as long as the fruit; leaf-blades toothed. 3. C. rugnlnsa. Pedicels 4-10 mm. long, usually less than twice as long as the fruit; leaf-blades subentire. 4. C. reticulata Leaf-blades glabrous beneath, or sUghtly hispidulous on the veins and m their axils. 5. C. Douglasii. 66 CANNABINACEAE Family 35. CANNABINACEAE. Hemp Family. Erect herbs; leaves digitately divided to near the base; pistillate flowers in axidary stiff spikes. 1. Ca.xxabis. Twining vines; leaves merely digitately lobed; pistUlate flowers in drooping ament-hke spikes with imbricate bracts. 2. HUMULUS. 1. CANNABIS L. Hemp. i. C. sativa. 2. HUMULUS L. Hops. Leaf-blades 3-7-lobed about half-way to the base, with ovate, acute or short-acuminate lobes; those of the inflorescence 3-lobed or imdivided. 1. H. Lupidus. Leaf-blades .5-7-divided to near the base, with lanceolate, long-acuminate divisions ; those of the inflorescence 5-cleft. 2. H. neomexicanus. Family 36. URTICACEAE. Nettle Family. Herbs with stinging hairs; leaves opposite; flowers not involucrate. 1. Urtica. Plants without stinging hairs; leaves alternate; flowers involucrate by leafy bracts. 2. P.\KIETARIA. 1. URTICA (Tourn.) L. Nettle. stipules membranous, oblong or broadly lanceolate, obtuse or acutish, often 1 cm. long. Stem and leaves densely pubescent. Stem and lower surface of the leaves coarsely velvety. 1. U. holosericea. Stem flnely strigose; lower surface of the leaves finely short-pubescent. 2. U. Breweri. Stem nearly glabrous; leaves puberulent, in age becoming glabrate. 3. U. Lyallii. Stipules narrowly lanceolate or linear, attenuate. Teeth of the leaves ovate, strongly directed forward. Stem glabrous except the presence of a few bristles; leaves tliin, almost glabrous, not strongly veined. Petioles one-third to one-half as long as the cordate or broadly ovate leaf- blades. 4. U. cardiophylla. Petioles one-fifth to one-third as long as the lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate leaf-blades. 5. U. viridis. Stem more or less strigose or hirsute; leaves decidedly hairy, especially on the very strong veins. Leaf-blades lanceolate, scarcely cordate at the base. Stem sparmgly strigose and bristly. 6. U. gracilis. Stem densely strigose, scarcely at all bristly. 7. U. strigosissima. Leaf-blades broad, deeply cordate at base. 8. U. dioica. Teeth of the leaves broadly triangiflar, not strongly directed forward ; stem and leaves glabrous or nearly so. 9. U. gracilenla. 2. PARIETARIA (Tourn.) L. Pellitory. Leaf-blades lanceolate, 2-7 cm. long, twice as long as the petioles or longer. Plant comparatively dark green; stem densely puberulent; sepals lanceolate, acute. 1. P. pennsylvanica. Plant very Ught green; stem long-villous; sepals ovate, often obtuse. 2. P. occidentalis. Leaf-blades oblong or ovate-oblong, 0.5-2 cm. long, not twice as long as the petioles. 3. P. obtusa. Family 37. POLYGONACEAE. Buck\vhe.\t F.\mily. Leaves without stipules; flowers or flower-clusters subtended by involucres of partly united bracts; stamens mostly 9. Involucres from tubular to campanulate, of several united bracts. Involucres awnless, campanulate or turbinate, 4-8-toothed or -lobed. 1. Eriogonu.m. Involucres awn-pointed. Involucres herbaceous; flowers exserted; achenes lenticular. 2. OXYTHECA. Involucres leathery or horny; flowers included; achenes 3-angled. Involucres with 3-6 awn-tipped spurs near the base, 1-3-flowered, in open dichotomous panicles. 3. Centrostegia. Involucres without spurs, 1-flowered. Involucres 6-angled, sulcate; filaments adnate to the base of the peri- anth. 4. Chorizanthe. Involucres 3-angled; filaments adnate to the whole tube of the perianth. 5. Acanthggon'U.m. Involucres bract-like, 2-cleft. 6. Pterostegia. Leaves with sheatliing stipules (ocreae) ; flower-clusters not involucrate ; stamens 4-8. Stigmas tufted. Sepals 6; styles 3; achenes triangular. 7. Ruiniex. Sepals 4; styles 2; achenes lenticular. 8. OxYRiA. BUCiaVHEAT FAMILY . 67 stigmas not tufted. Leaf-blades jointed at the base; ocreae 2-lobed, becoming lacerate; filaments, at least the inner, dilated. 9. Polygonum. Leaf-blades not jointed at the base; ocreae not 2-lobed; filaments slender. Ocreae cylindric, truncate. 10. Persicahl\. Ocreae oblique, more or less open on the side facing the leaf. Herbs, not climbing or twining; sepals neither winged nor keeled. Flowers in simple spike-like racemes; plants with thickened tuberous rootstocks. 11. BiSTORTA. Flowers in several racemes or panicles; rootstocks not tuberous-thick- ened. Racemes in terminal corymbs; plants smooth. Embryo in the center of the endosperm; leaves sagittate or cordate. 12. Fagopyrum. Embryo at one side of the endosperm; leaves neither sagittate nor cordate. 13. Aconogonum. Racemes not in terminal corymbs; plant prickly; embryo at one side of the endosperm. 14. Tracaulon. Herbaceous vines, with twining stems; sepals winged or keeled. 15. Bilderdykia. 1. ERIOGONUM Michx. Umbrella Plant. Aclienes 3- winged; perianth not accrescent; perennials with a thick taproot and short crown. I. Alata. Achenes merely 3-angled; perianth accrescent in fruit. Perianth with a stipe-like base; bracts verticillate, leaf-like. Involucres in branching cymes; perennials with a branched woody caudex; flower- ing bra nches scapiform. II. Eriantha. Involucres in simple or compoiuid umbel-like or head-Uke clusters. Perianth ijubescent. Perianth yellow; leaf-blades spatulate or oblanceolate. Involucres undulate-dentate, tomentose, many, umbellate; embryo straight; perennials with a cespitose caude.x. III. Flava. Involucres deeply lobed, solitary, or 2 or 3 together; embryo curved; perennials, subacaulescent or suffruticose. IV. Caespitcsa. Perianth wliite; leaf-blades ovate or eUiptic; cespitose subacaulescent perennials. V. PyroLl.\efolia. Perianth glabrous; perennials with a cespitose caudex, with the leaves clustered at the ends of the branches. VI. Umbellata. Perianth without stipe-Uke base. Ovaries and fruit pubescent; involucres few, capitate or subcymose; perennials with scapiform stems. VII. Lachnogyna. Ovaries and fruit glabrous or nearly so. Involucres in head-like or umbellate clusters. Perianth-lobes very unequal; perennials with a pulvinate-cespitose woody caudex. VIII. Heterosepala. Perianth-lobes equal or nearly so. Heads solitary or, if more than one, proliferous-umbellate, with the central head sessile; cespitose perennials. IX. C.\pitata. Heads several, paniculate, corymbose or cymose-umbellate. Herbs with perennial caudices; heads paniculate, almost ebracteate; perennials with a stout rootstock. X. Elata. Leafy undershrubs, with fascicled leaves; heads cymose-umbeUate ; suffruticose perennials. XI. Fascicul.\ta. Involucres in open cymes. Bracts scale-Uke. Involucres, except those of the forks of the inflorescence, sessile, the uppermost conglomerate. Cymes repeatedly dichotomoiis or trichotomous. Perianth-lobes very dissimilar; perennials. XII. DiCHOTOMA. Perianth-.segments not very dissimilar. Perennials, shrubby at least at the base. XIII. CORYMBOSA. Annuals, with a strict herbaceous stem. XIV. Annua. Cymes with more or less raceme-Uke branches. Perennials. XV. Racemosa. Annuals. XVI. Virgata. Involucres all peduncled, never conglomerate; scapose annuals (except E. tenellum): leaves basal, petioled. XVII. Pedunculata. Bracts leaf-like. Primary stem-leaves scale-Uke, with a pair or a fascicle of secondary well-developed leaves in their axils; caulescent annuals. XVIII. DIVARICATA. Primary stem-leaves well-developed, also often with secondary leaves in their axils. Perianth petaloid, not closely investing the achenes; involucres toothed or lobed. Involucres sessile; leaves basal, petioled; bracts sessile, elliptic; scapose annuals. XIX. Puberula. 68 , POLYGOXACE.\E Involucres peduncled: leaves and bracts similar, verticillate, linear; caulescent annuals. XX. Sperguli.\.\. Perianth herbaceous, closely investing the achene: involucre divided to near the base; leaves spatulate; caulescent annuals. XXI. S.\.LSUGIXOS.\. I. Al.\t.4^. Involucres hairy, 3-3.5 mm. long and 1.5-2 mm. wide; stem and leaves manifestly hirsute and tomentose. 1. E. alalum. Involucres glabrous, 2-2.5 mm. long and of the same width; stem and leaves nearly glabrous. 2. E. triste. II. ERI-tNTHA. Perianth whitish; style hairy at least to the middle. 3. E. Jamesii. Perianth yellow; style hairy only at the base. Involucres 6-8 mm. long; leaf-blades oblong or oblanceolate. 4. E. Bakeri. Involucres 9-10 mm. long; leaf-blades suborbicular to oval. 5. E. arcuatum. III. Fl.^^va. Perianth (externally) pubescent tlu-oughout. Involucre elongated-obconic, 6-S mm. long. 6. E. Piperi. Involucre tiu-binate, 4-5 mm. long. Stipe-like base of the perianth very short; old leaf-bases permanently tomentose. Leaf-bases tliickened; perianth copiously pubescent; leaf-blades silky above; involucres usually several. 7. E. flavum. Leaf-bases not thickened; leaf-blades slightly floccose above; involucres few. Periantli 6-7 mm. long. 8. E. chloranthum. Perianth about 4 mm. long. 9. E. polyphyllum. Stipe-Uke base of the perianth slender; old leaf-bases glabrous. 10. E. zanthnm. Perianth pubescent at the base only. 11. E. androsaceum. IV. C.^ESPITOS.\. Involucres with comparatively short, ovate, merely spreading lobes, long-peduncled ; leaves linear or nearly so, revolute; stems short, leafy. 12. E. thymoides. Involucres with long refle.xed lobes. Densely cespitose, subacaulescent ; involucre solitary. Perianth in flowers .3-4 mm. long. 13. E. caespilosum. Perianth in flowers 2 mm. long. 14. E. andinum. Caulescent, suffruticose ; involucres 1-5. Perianth greenish yellow, 6-8 mm. long; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate. 15. E. sphaerocephal'im. Perianth ochroleucous, 5 mm. long; leaves Unear or linear-oblanceolate. 16. E. fasciculifolium. V. Ptrol.\efoli.\. One species. 17. E. pyrolaefolium. VI. UmbelLu\ta. Leaf-blades ovate or cordate. 18. E. compositum. Leaf-blades from obovate or orbicular to oblanceolate. Involucres solitary. 19. E. Porteri. Involucres several, umbellate. Perianth deeply yellow. Leavas not densely tomentose beneath. Umbels simple; leaves spatulate. 20. E. neglectum. Umbels more or less compound; leaves oblanceolate. 21. E. biumbellatum. Leaves densely tomentose beneath. Inflorescence more or less compound. 22. E. stellatum. Inflorescence simple. Leaf-blades obovate-spatulate or oval; perianth 6-7 mm. long. 23. E. umbellatum. Leaf-blades rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oval; perianth 7-8 mm. long. 24. E. Rydbergii. Perianth ochroleucous, in age turning purplish rose-colored. Scape naked up to the umbel; leaves spatulate. Perianth about 6 mm. long; leaf-blades spatulate-oblong or elliptic, glabrous above at maturity. 25. E. subalpinum. Perianth about 8 mm. long; leaf-blades oval or ovate, permanently tomen- tose above. 26. E. ariditm. Scape with at least one whorl of leaves below the umbel : leaf-blades oblanceo- late. 27. E. heracleoides. VII. L.VCHXOGY.VA. Leaves and scape silky; the latter elongate, 1 dm. high or more; perennials with a taproot and cespitose crovsm. Inflorescence irregularly branched. 28. E. lachnogynum. Inflorescence subcapitate. 29. E. Tetraneuris. Leaves lanate, subsessile, obtuse: scape short, less than 3 cm. long, or none; pulvinate- cespitose perennials; involucres capitate. Leaf-blades elliptic or oval, not strongly revolute; scape 1-3 cm. long. Perianth yellow; lobes of the involucres lanceolate, more than twice as long as the tube. 30. E. longilobum. Perianth white or pinkish; lobes of the involucres not twice as long as the tube. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 69 Lobes of the involucres oblong or ovate, with a more or less scarious white or pink margin. 31. E. Shockleyi. Lobes of the involucres triangular, not scarious-raargined. 32. E. pulvinatum. Leaf-blades linear-oblong, strongly revolute; scape none or very short. 33. E. acaule. VIII. Heterosep.aLu\. Heads several, cymose-proliferous, the central head sessile. 34. E. proliferum. Heads sohtary. Involucres about 7 mm. long; leaf-blades oval. 35. E. orthocaulon. Involucres 4-5 mm. long. Perianth bright yellow or in age purpUsh; leaf-blades about as broad as long. 36. E. ovalifolium. Perianth cream-colored, ochroleucous, or isabel-colored. Perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long; leaf-blades roimded-oval or ovate. 37. E. depressum. Perianth 4-5 mm. long; leaf-blades elliptic, oblong, or spatulate. 38. E. ochroleucurn. IX. Capitata. Perianth yellow. Bracts and involucres membranous; the former broadly lanceolate; the lobes of the latter ovate or triangular; densely pulvinate-cespitose perennials. Perianth bright yellow. 39. E. chrysops. Perianth ocliroleucous, sometimes tinged with rose. 40. E. Kingii. Bracts and involucres firm; the former subulate or narrowly lanceolate (except in E. medium): the lobes of the latter lanceolate; perennials with a cespitose woody caudex. Perianth ochroleucous. 41. E. loganurn. Perianth, golden yellow. Leaf-blades oblanceolate or oblong, tomentose on both sides. 42. E. chrysocephalum. Leaf-blades Unear or narrowly linear-oblanceolate, in age greener above. 43. E. medium. Perianth wliite or rose-colored. Perianth glabrous; perennials with a cespitose woody caudex. Lobes of the involucres lanceolate, acute, not scarious-margined. Heads about 1 cm. broad; perianth fully 3 mm. long; leaf-blades 3-8 cm. long. 44. E. Brandegei. Heads about 0.5 cm. broad; perianth about 2 mm. long; leaf-blades 1-2 cm. long. 45. E. depauperatum. Lobes of the involucres oval to orbicular, scarious-margined. Leaves glabrate above; perianth 3-5 mm. long; involucres in small heads. Lobes of the involucres much shorter than the tube. 46. E. coloradense. Lobes of the involucres about as long as the tube. 47. E. pauciflorum. Leaves white-tomentose on both sides; perianth 2.5 mm. long; involucres solitary. 48. E. mancum. Perianth pubescent. Suffruticose leafy-stemmed perennial, with decumbent branches, villous. 49. E. multiceps. Pulvinate perennial, acaulescent, silky-hirsute. 50. E. villiflorum. X. Elata. One species. 51. E. elatum. XI. Fasciculata. One species. 52. E. polifolium. XII. DiCHOTOMA. stem leafy, suffrutescent ; outer perianth-segments suborbicular. 53. E. niveum. Stem scapiform, with a cespitose woody caudex ; outer perianth-segments oval. Inflorescence more or less floccose. Involucres 5-6 mm. long; branches of the inflorescence ascending-spreading. 54. E. dichotomum. Involucres 3-4 mm. long; branches of the inflorescence strongly ascending, almost erect. 55. E. lachnostegium. Inflorescence glabrous. 56. E. strictum. XIII. CORYMBOSA. Branches of the inflorescence not grooved. Perianth yellow. Plants more than 2 dm. high; leaves not heath-like. Leafy shrubs; inflorescence shorter than the stem. Leaf-blades elliptic, oval, or broadly spatulate; involucres glabrous. 57. E. aureum. Leaf-blades oblanceolate; involucres tomentose. 58. E. idahoense. Undershrubs, leafy only at the base; inflorescence longer than the stem. Involucres villous-tomentose ; leaf-blades equally white on both .sides. Leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate; branches of the inflorescence strongly ascending. 59. E. orendense. Leaf-blades broadly spatulate; branches of the inflorescence more spreading. 60. E. lagopus. 70 POLYGONACEAE Involucres glabrate; leaves usually less toraentose above. Leaf-blades oblanceolate or broadly oblong, not strongly revolute. Involucres strongly angled, all sessile. 61. E. Thompsonae. Involucres not strongly angled; those of the forks pedimcled. 62. E. campanulatum. Leaf-blades linear or narrowly Unear-oblanceolate, usually with revolute margins. Involucres in the forks peduncled. 6.3. E. brevicaule. Involucres all sessile. 64. E. micranthum. Plants depressed, less than 1 dm. high, with heath-Uke leaves. 65. E. contortum. Perianth white or rose-colored. Suffruticose plants, leafy only at the base; inflorescence longer than the stem. Involucres tomentose, all sessile. 66. E. spathulatum. Involucres glabrous, at least in age. Leaf-blades spatulate or elliptic. Pedicels of the lower forks scarcely longer than the involucres; lobes of the latter as broad as long; perianth 3 mm. long. 67. E. spathuUforme . Pedicels of the lower forks several times as long as the involucres ; lobes of the latter longer than broad; perianth 2 mm. long. 68. E. Ostlundi. Leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate to linear. Involucres all sessile. Leaves mostly flat; involucres narrowly turbinate; perianth 2-2.. 5 mm. long. 69. E. lonchophyllum. Leaves mostly revolute; involucres campanulate; perianth 3-3.5 mm. long. 70. E. nudicaule. Involucres in the forks of the inflorescence, at least the l,ower, distinctly peduncled. Involucres broadly campanulate, about as wide as long. 71. E. scoparium. Involucres turbinate, decidedly longer than broad. Branches of the inflorescence almost erect. 72. E. grangerense. Branches of the inflorescence ascending-spreading. Leaf-blades narrowly Unear-oblanceolate or linear, usually revolute. 73. E. trislichum. Leaf-blades spatiilate to oblanceolate, flat. 74. E. salicinum. Shrubby plants, with the leafy stem usually longer than the inflorescence. Leaves not revolute or scarcely so, distinctly petioled. Leaf-blades relatively broad, oblong to rounded-oval or obovate, obtuse. Involucres 4-5 mm. long. 75. E. Fendlerianum. Involucres 2-3 mm. long. Branches of the inflorescence divaricate. 76. E. divergens. Branches of the inflorescence ascending. Leaf-blades rounded or subcordate at the base, decidedly crisp. 77. E. Jonesii. Leaf-blades acutish at the base, not crisp, except sometimes the margins. Inflorescence and stem loosely floccose, in age inclined to become glabrate. 78. E. corymbosum. Inflorescence and stem permanently and densely white- tomentose. 79. E. salinum. Leaf-blades narrow, spatulate to linear, mostly acute at the apex. Inflorescence many times compound, copiously branched; internodes long. Inflorescence tomentulose, broom-like, with strongly ascending branches; involucresabout 1.5 mm. long. 80. E. effusum. Inflorescence glabrous, lax and with spreading branches; involucres 2-2.5 mm. long. 74. E. salicinum. Inflorescence less compound; branches and internodes short, mostly spreading. Involucres in the forks peduncled; peduncles sUghtly floccose. 81. E. micrnthecum. Involucres all sessile; peduncles densely white-tomentose. 82. E. nebraskense. Leaves linear or Unear-oblanceolate, strongly revolute, subsessile. Pedimcles not tliickened upwards. Leaves glabrous or loosely floccose above. Stem 1—4 dm. high; leaves floccose above. 83. E. Simpsoni. Stem less than 1 dm. liigh; leaves glabrous above. 84. E. Mcarnsii. Leaves densely villoiis on both sides. 85. E. bicolor. Peduncles clavate-thickened upwards. 86. E. clavellatum. Branches of the inflorescence strongly angled and deeply grooved. 87. E. sulcatum. XIV. Annu.\. One species. 88. E. annuum. XV. R.\CEMOS.\. Leaves crowded on the short branches of the caudex; blades abruptly narrowed at the base or subcordate. 89. E. racemosum. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 71 Leaves scattered on the fruticose branches; blades tapering at the base. Leaf-blades elliptic or oblanceolate. 90. E. Wrightii. Leaf-blades linear. 91. E. leptocladon. XVI. VIRGATA. Stem neither divaricately branched, nor densely floccose. Involucres cyUndric; perianth-segments oblong or oval; plant with few branches. Involucres about 3 mm. long. 92. E. vimineum. Involucres about 2 mm. long. 93. E. Baileyi. Involucres campanulate, 1-1.5 mm. long; perianth-segments cxmeate, flabellate, or flddle-shaped ; plants with numerous branches. Branches not incurved in age; leaf-blades ovate or oblong. 94. E. densum. Branches incurved in age; leaf-blades orbicular or subreniform. 95. E. nidularium. Stem divaricately branched, densely floccose. . 96. E. Plumatella. XVII. Pedunculata. Perennials with a woody caudex. 97. E. tenellum. Annuals. Perianth glabroiLS or in E. Thomasii a,nd E. nutans somewhat pubescent; segments mostly obtuse or rounded at the apex. Peduncles not glandular. Scape and its branches glabrous. Pedimcled reflexed or at least divaricate; leaves tomentose on both sides, less so above. Involucres 1.5-2 mm. long; perianth 1.5-2 mm. long. Peduncles shorter than the involucres ; outer perianth-lobes ovate or subreniform. Perianth pale yellow; outer segments subreniform. 98. E. Ilookeri. Perianth wMte; outer segments ovate. 99. E. deflexum. Peduncles longer than the involucres; outer perianth-segments obovate or pandm-iform; perianth wliite or pinkish. 100. E. cernuum. Involucres 0.5 mm. long; perianth 1-1.5 mm. long, yellowish with red- dish veins. 101. E. Wetherillii. Peduncles erect or ascending. Leav^es more or less tomentose beneath. Involucres 1.5-2 mm. long. Perianth yellow; segments similar. 102. E. pusillum. Perianth white or rose-colored; segments unlike. Involucres campanulate; outer perianth-segments flabellate. 103. E. rotundifolium. Involucres turbinate; outer perianth-segments not flabellate. Outer perianth-segments oblong-ovate, the inner ones entire. 104. E. insigne. Outer perianth-segments subreniform, the inner ones 3- toothed, much smaller. 105. E. turbinatum. Involucres scarcely 1 mm. long; perianth yellowish or white, usually somewhat hispidulous at the base. 106. E. Thomasii. Leaves green, glabrate or sparingly pilose. 107. E. Gordonii. Scape more or less pubescent, at least at the nodes. Leaves white-lanate beneath. 108. E. subreniforme. Leaves green on both sides, sparingly pilose. 109. E. trinervatum. Peduncles glandular; leaves tomentose. Outer perianth-segments oval, emarginate or retuse, the inner ones oblong. 110. E. nutans. Outer perianth-segments ovate-cordate, the inner ones oblong-ovate, acute. 111. E. Parryi. Perianth pubescent; segments ovate or lanceolate, acute. Peduncles and usually also the scape glandular; leaves green, merely hirsute be- neath. 112. E. glandulosum. Peduncles and scape not glandular. Leaves floccose or tomentose beneath. 113. E. Ordii. Leaves green, merely pilose or hirsute. Accessory branches at the lower forks of the inflorescence many and nearly as strong as the primary ones; all divaricate. Scape slightly if at all inflated. 114. E. trichopodutn. Scape strongly inflated under the flrst node. 115. E. fusiforme. Accessory branches of the lowest node of the inflorescence few and small or none; branches ascending; scape usually inflated. 116. E. inflatum. XVIII. Divaricata. Leaves green, puberulent; involucres 5-cleft. usually sessile. 117. E. divaricatum. Leaves floccose beneath; involucres 5-toothed, peduncled. 118. E. angulosum. XIX. PUBERUL-V. One species. 119. E. puberulum. XX. Spergulina. Leaves green, merely pilose; scape glandular. 120. E. spergulinum. Leaves tomentose beneath; scape finely pubescent. 121. E. pharnaceoides. 72 POLYGONACEAE XXI. SALSUGIN03A. One species. 122. E. salsuginosum. 2. OXYTHECA Nutt. Stem-leaves and bracts lanceolate, connate only at the base; involucres pedicelled. 1. O. foliosa. Stem-leaves and bracts connate, forming a nearly circular disk; involucres sessile. 2. O. perfoliala. 3. CENTROSTEGIA A. Gray. i. C. Thmberi. 4. CHORIZANTHE R. Br. Involucre not strongly sulcate, 5-toothed; filaments adnate to the perianth nearly up to the base of the lobes. 1. C. Watsoni. Involucres strongly sulcate, 6-toothed; filaments adnate only to the lower part of the perianth-tube. Leaves linear-oblanceolate to Unear. 2. C. brevicornu. Lower leaves broadly spatulate. 3. C. spathulata. 5. ACANTHOGONUM Torr. i. A. rigidum. 6. PTEROSTEGIA F. & M. l. P. drymarioides , 7. RUMEX L. Dock, Sorrel. Flowers dioecious; foUage acid. Leaves with auricled or hastate bases. Inner perianth-lobes not developed into wings in fruit; achenes granular. 1. R. Acetosella. Inner perianth-lobes developed mto wings in fruit; achenes smooth. 2. R. Acetosa. Leaves narrowed at the base, neither auricled nor hastate. 3. R. paucifolius. Flowers perfect, or andro-polygamous ; foliage not acid. Inner perianth-lobes entire, undulate, or denticulate. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit without tubercles. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit more than 2 cm. broad; plants perennial, with deep-seated woody rootstock. 4. R. venosus. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit less than 1.5 cm. in diameter. Plants perennial, with clusters of tuberous roots; iiuier perianth-lobes in fruit 1-1.5 cm. broad. Achene 7 mm. long or more; inner perianth-lobes in fruit broader than long; plant low. 5. R. salinus. Achenes about 5 mm. long; inner perianth-lobes in fruit longer than broad. 6. R. hymenosepalus. Plants with taproots or tliickened rootstocks; inner perianth-lobes in fruit 5-10 mm. broad. Plants low, less than 3 dm. high, perennial, with short tuber-like root- stock; fruit maturing before the inner perianth-lobes become enlarged. 7. R. praecoz. Plants tall, perennial, with a taproot, not with a tuber-like root- stock; inner perianth-lobes well enlarged in fruit. Basal leaves 2-3 cm. wide, acute or rarely rounded at the base. 8. R. hesperius. Basal leaves 5-20 cm. wide, rounded, cordate, or truncate at the base. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit with rounded apex, not conspicu- ously punctate. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit 8-10 mm. wide. 9. jB. confinis. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit 5-6 mm. wide. 10. R. occidentalis. Inner perianth-lobes abruptly pointed, conspicuously punctate. Fruiting inner perianth-lobes about as broad as long, sinuate on the margin. 11- R- densiflorus. Fruiting inner perianth-lobes longer than broad, sharply dentate. 12. R. subalpinus. Inner perianth-lobes or at least one of them bearing a tubercle in fruit; perennials with a taproot. Only one perianth-lobe tubercled. Leaves dark green, more or less crisp; fruiting inner perianth-lobes 8-9 mm. broad, reniform. 13. R. Patienlia. Leaves pale green, not crisp; fruiting inner perianth-lobes 5-G mm. broad, deltoid-ovate. 14. R. altissimus. All three perianth-lobes bearing tubercles. Leaves dark green, crisp; fruiting perianth-lobes ovate to reniform, den- ticulate. 15. R. crispus. Leaves pale green, not crisp; fruiting perianth-lobes deltoid, entire. 16. R. mexicanus. Inner perianth-lobes in fruit spinulose-toothed on the margin. Tall plants; lower leaf-blades cordate at the base; one tubercle. 17. R. oblusifolius. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 73 Low plants; lower leaf-blades narrowed at the base; three tubercles. 18. R. maritimus. 8. OXYRIA Hill. Mountain Sorrel. i. O. digyna. 9. POLYGONUM (Tourn.) L. Knotweed, Doorwbed, Knotgrass. Fruit erect. Inflorescence of small axillary clusters scattered more or less thoroughout the plant; all except P. minimum with elongated stems or branches; perianth-lobes never keeled near the apex. Plants copiously leafy throughout; upper leaves scarcely reduced and more crowded. Very slender and low annuals, with red wiry, terete, non-striate stems. 1. P. minimum. Stouter and larger plants, often perennial, with prominently striate stems, usually 3-8 dm. long. Perianth-lobes with yellowish green margins; plant erect, with spreading branches in age; leaves broad, yellowish green. 2. P. erectum. Perianth-lobes with white, pink or purplish margins; plant prostrate or diffusely spreading; leaves from bright to pale bluisli green. Leaves tliick, prominently veined, oblong, oval, or spatulate, obtuse or roimded at the apex, usually pale; ocreae very conspicuous; faces of the achenes granular. 3. P. buxiforme. Leaves tliin, not prominently veined, bright green; ocreae not conspicu- ous; faces of the achenes finely striate. Perianth 2.5-3.5 mm. long; achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, acute; leaves 2-4 cm. long. 4. P. aviculare. Perianth 2-2.5 lum. long; achenes 2-2.5 mm. long, acuminate; leaves mostly less than 2 cm. long. 5. P. negleclum. Plants with the upper leaves more scattered and reduced ; mostly erect perennials. Upper bracts not subulate; achenes mostly dull. Lobes of the perianth with yellowish margins; perianth 3-4 mm. long; achenes about 3 mm. long, nearly smooth. 6. P. ramosissimum. Lobes of the perianth with whitish or pinkish margins; perianth 2-3 mm. long; achenes 2-2.5 mm. long, distinctly granulate or striate. Plant copiously branched and broom-like; leaf-blades Unear or nearly so ; achenes granulate. 7. P. proliflcum. Plant sparingly branched, mostly below; leaf-blades oblanceolate to elliptic ; achenes finely striate. 8. P. rubescens. Upper bracts subulate; achenes smooth and sliining. 9. P. sawatchense. Inflorescence aggregate at the ends of the branches, or more scattered in P. parony- chioides, in which, however, some of the perianth-lobes are keeled near the apex ; bracts leaf-like and usually broader than the narrowly Unear leaves ; plants dwarf annuals. Perianth-lobes not keeled. Leaves several, gradually merging into the bracts; achenes blunt-angled and strongly striate. 10. P. Watsonii. Leaf usually solitary and much longer than the bracts; achenes sharp-angled and obscurely striate. 11. P. uni folium. Some of the perianth-lobes keeled near the apex. Bracts herbaceous or the uppermost with a very narrow scarious margin. Bracts linear; ocreae conspicuous; inflorescence interrupted. 12. P. paronychioides. Bracts oblong or narrowly oblong; ocreae inconspicuous; inflorescence con- tiguous and dense. 13. P. Kelloggii. Bracts with broad wliite petaloid margins. 14. P. polygaloides. Fruit reflexed. Upper bracts much reduced and subulate. Perianth 1.5-2.5 mm. long; leaves narrowly linear. 15. P. Engelmannii. Perianth 3-5 mm. long. Outer perianth-lobes oblong, obtusish, tliickened and green or purplish on the back; lower leaves oblanceolate to linear-oblanceolate. 16. P. Douglasii. Outer perianth-lobes obovate, rounded at the apex, merely with a narrow midrib; lower leaves linear. Inflorescence long, lax, virgate; ocreae of the bracts inconspicuous. ' 17. P. majus. Inflorescence dense, crowded at the ends of the branches; ocreae of the bracts contiguous and conspicuous. 18. P. spergulariforme. Upper bracts foliaceous, relatively broad lanceolate or oblong. Perianth 3.5-4 mm. long; lower leaves oblong or nearly so. Achenes included. 19. P. montanum. Achenes exserted. 20. P. commixtum. Perianth 2-2.5 mm. long; lower leaves obovate, very acute. 21. P. Austinae. 10. PERSICARIA (C. Bauhin) Mill. Smartweed, Lady's Thumb, Water Pepper. Racemes terminal only and usually solitary; plants aquatic perennials. Ocreae without spreading foliaceous tops. Plant usually floating, or decumbent and rooting ; leaves of an oblong type, glabrous, acute or obtuse. 1. P. coccinea. 74 POLYGON ACE AE Plant usually diffuse and emersed; leaves of a lanceolate tj-pe, pubescent, acumin- ate. - 2. P. Aluhlenbergii. Ocreae with spreading foUaceous tops; leaf-blades narrowly oblong or lanceolate (broader in floating forms) , pubescent. 3. P. Harturightii. Racemes axillary as well as terminal, numerous; annuals. Ocreae without marginal bristles. Racemes erect; glands on the branches and inflorescence numerous, stalked. 4. P. omissa. Racemes drooping; glands on the branches and inflorescence sessile. Styles united only at the base. 5. P. incarnata. Styles united to about the middle. Leaves deep green on both sides. 6. P. lapathifolia. Leaves pale beneath. 7. P. incana. Ocreae bristle-fringed. Racemes oblong or cylindric, about 1 cm. tliick in fruit; perianth not punctate, usually pink to red-purple. 8. P. Persicaria. Racemes slender, loosely flowered, about 5 mm. thick in fruit; perianth white or pale green, copiously punctate. Racemes erect; achenes smooth and shining. 9. P. punctata. Racemes nodding at least in fruit; achenes granular and dull. 10. P. Hydropiper. 11. BISTORTA (C. Bauliin) Mill. Bistort. Racemes not viviparous, not bulblet-bearing, oblong, 1-2 cm. thick. Perianth 5-6 mm. long; leaf-blades lanceolate, oblong, or oblanceolate. 1. B. bistortoides. Perianth 3-4 mm. long; basal leaf-blades Unear. 2. B. linearifolia. Racemes viviparous, bulblet-bearing below, Unear, 5-8 mm. thick. 3. B. vivipara. 12. FAGOPYRUM (Tourn.) Mill. Buckwheat. i. F. Fagopyrum. 13. ACONOGONUM Reichenb. l. A. phytolaccacfoUum. 14. TRACAULON Raf. Tear-thumb. \. T. sagitiatum. 15. BILDERDYKIA Dum. False Buckwheat, Bindweed. Outer sepals merely keeled at maturity. 1. B. Convolvulus. Outer sepals developing conspicuous wings. 2. B. scandens. Family .38. CHENOPODIACEAE. Goosefoot Family. Embryo annular. Stems and branches not jointed; leaves not scale-like. Flowers perfect, all with perianth, not inclosed in a pair of bracts. Fruit inclosed in the caly.x. Calyx in fruit not transversely winged. Sepals 3-5; stamens 1-5. Fruiting calyx herbaceous. 1. Chenopodium. Fruiting calyx fleshy, red. 2. Blitum. Sepals I; stamens 1. 3. Monolepis. Calyx in fruit transversely winged. Flowers paniculate; leaves ample, sinuate, flat. 4. Cycloloma. Flowers spicate; leaves linear, terete. 5. Kochia. Fruit laterally flattened, exserted from the marcescent calyx. 6. CORIOSPERMUM. Flowers monoecious or dioecious; the pistillate inclosed in two accrescent bractlets. Pericarp not hairy. Bracts compressed; leaves more or less farinose; testa mostly coriaceous. Pistillate flowers without perianth. 7. Atriplex. Pistillate flowers with 2-3 hyaUne sepals shorter than the bracts. 8. Endolepis. Bracts ob^compressed ; testa membranous. Pericarp hastate with crested margins, 2-toothed apex; herbs more or less farinaceous, with toothed leaves. 9. Suckley.\. Pericarp obovate or orbicular, entire; undershrubs with entire leaves. 10. Gratia. Pericarp densely hairy, conic; low and tomentose shrubs. 11. Euroti.v. Stems and branches fleshj-, jointed; leaves scale-like; flowers sunk into the rachis of the spike. Flower-clusters decussately opposite; branches opposite. 12. S.\licorxia. Flowers spirally arranged ; branches alternate. 13. Allenrolfia. Embryo spirally coiled. Shrubs with monoecious bractless flowers; staminate flowers in spikes, without peri- anth; pistiUate ones soUtary, axiUary; fruiting calyx transversely winged. 14. S.\RCOB.\TUS. Herbs with perfect bracteolate flowers. Fruiting calyx transversely winged; leaves spiny. 15. S.\lsol.\. Fruiting calyx not winged; leaves fleshy, not spiny. IG. Dondia. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 75 1. CHENOPODIUM (Tourn.) L. Goosefoot, Pigweed, Lamb's Quarter. Leaves more or less mealy or glabrate, never glandular or sweet-scented, sinuately lobed- dentate or entire; embryo forming a complete ring. Stamens 5; calyx not at all fleshy in fruit. Leaves entire or sinuately toothed, but not with large, acute (except in C. murale), divaricate teeth; seeds 1-1.5 mm. in diameter. Caly.x-lobes carinate; at least the upper panicles exceeding the leaves. Pericarp easily separating from the seeds. Leaves linear or oblong, entire or sUghtly sinuately toothed. Whole plant almost perfectly glabrous; glomerules 1— 4-flowered, in very lax spikes; leaves narrowly linear. 1. C. subglabrum. Leaves more or less mealy beneath; glomerules several-flowered; spikes denser. Leaves tliin; inflorescence not very dense; spikes somewhat interrupted below. Leaves all narrowly hnear, 1-nerved, entire. 2. C. leptophyllum. Lower leaves at least oblong or lanceolate, 3-nerved and often somewhat hastately toothed. 3. C. pratericola. Leaves tliick; inflorescence dense and crowded; leaves oblong. Plant densely mealy, yellowish. 4. C. desiccatum. Plant only slightly mealy, dark green. 5. C. aridum. Leaves broadly ovate or triangular, more or less hastate at the base. Plant densely farinose. Plant low and spreading. 6. C. incanum. Plant tall and erect. 7. C. albescens. Plant sparingly farinose or glabrate, tall. Leaves very thin, distinctly hastate; inflorescence lax. 8. C. Fremonlii. Leaves thick, only slightly hastate, rounded at the apex. 9. C. atrovirens. Pericarp firmly attached to the seeds. Leaves subentire or merely hastately toothed. Leaves linear; calyx closed in fruit. 10. C. inamoenus. Leaves broader, oblong, lanceolate, ovate or elliptic. Calyx open in fruit; plant ill-scented. 11. C. Mans Calyx closed in fruit. Leaves thick, more or less farinose, none of them cuspidate. 12. C. Watsoni. Leaves thin, glabrate; inflorescence lax. Seeds 1 mm. in diameter; upper leaves cuspidate. 13. C. Berlandieri. Seeds about 1.5 mm. in diameter; upper leaves long-acu- minate. 14. C. lanceolatum. Leaves more or less sinuately dentate; inflorescence dense. Leaves densely mealy. 15. C. album. Leaves green or nearly so. 16. C. paganum. Calyx-lobes not carinate; panicles mostly axillary, shorter than the leaves. Leaves glabrate; seeds horizontal. 17. C. murale. Leaves farinose and glaucous beneath; seeds vertical. IS. C. salinum. Leaves with large divaricate acute lobes; seeds about 2 mm. in diameter. 19. C. hybridum. Stamens 1-2; calyx reddish and sUghtly fleshy in frmt. Plant usually more than 1 dm. high, erect; leaves usually more or less toothed. 20. C. rubrum. Plant less than 2 dm. high, prostrate; leaves entire or merely hastately toothed. 21. C. humile. Leaves glandular, sweet-scented, pinnately lobed; embryo horseshoe-shaped. Lobes ofthe leaves rounded or broadly oblong, more or less toothed. 22. C. Boirys. Lobes of the leaves lanceolate, entire. 23. C. incisum. 2. BLITUM L. Strawberry Elite, Strawberry Pigweed. Leaves more or less dentate, truncate or broadly cuneate at the base; inflorescence dense; glomerules 5-10 mm. in diameter. Inflorescence naked above; seeds with acute margins. 1. B. capitatum. Inflorescence leafy throughout; seeds round-margined. 2. B. virgatum. Leaves entire, except the hastate teeth at the cuneate base; inflorescence slender and naked above; glomerules 3-6 mm. in diameter. 3. B. hastatum. 3. MONOLEPIS Schrad. Poverty Weed. Leaves lanceolate, hastately lobed; flower-clusters several-flowered; pericarp somewhat fleshy. 1. M. Nuttalliana. I /eaves spatulate to linear-spatulate, entire; pericarp thin. Flower-clusters 10-20-flowered ; pericarp easily separating from the seed. 2. M. spathulata. Flower-clusters 1-3-flowered; pericarp adherent to the seed. 3. M. pusilla. 4. CYCLOLOMA Moq. Winged Pigweed, Tumbleweed. 1. C. atripHci folium. 76 CHENOPODIACE.\E 5. KOCHIA Roth. Perennial undershrubs ; leaves linear-filiform, fleshy. Branches tomentulose, soon glabrate; leaves somewhat hairy when young; fruit nearly glabrous. 1. K. americana. Branches and leaves densely and permanently hairy; fruit very pubescent. 2. K. vestita. Annual; leaves lanceolate, not fleshy. 3. K. scoparia. 6. CORISPERMUM (A. Juss.) L. Bug-seed. Fruit with a distinct wing, about 0.5 mm. wide. Spike lax; lower bracts much narrower than the fruit. 1. C. nilidum. Spikes dense; lower bracts usually overtopping, and rarely narrower than the fruit. 2. C. marginale. Fruit merely acute-margined, scarcely at all' winged. Plant glabrous. 3. C. ernarginatum. Plant more or less villous. 4. C. rillosum. 7. ATRIPLEX (Tourn.) L. Orache, Salt-bush, Shad-scales. Annuals. Bracts united only at the base; radicle inferior. Bracts thin, rounded-ovate, mucronate. 1. A. hortensis. Bracts thick, deltoid or lanceolate, acute. Leaves not hastate. 2. A. lapathifoUa. Leaves more or less hastate. 3. A. hastata. Bracts imited to about the middle; radicle superior. Bracts lanceolate or lance-oblong, not tubercled on the back; often laciniate below. 4. A. phyllostegia. Bracts broader; if narrow, broadest above the middle. Bracts broadly cuneate, truncate at the ape.x, seldom with tubercles. Leaves triangular or cordate-ovate. Plant low, decumbent, 1 dm. high or less; leaves less than 2 cm. long. 5. A. subdecumbens. Plant larger, 3-10 dm. high; leaves 1.5-2.5 cm. long. Bracts subentire, corky at the apex; fruit short-peduncled ; leaves cordate-ovate. 6. A. saccaria. Bracts bluntly 3-toothed at the herbaceous apex; fruit subsessile; leaves more triangular-ovate. 7. A. truncata. Leaves linear. 8. A. Woirii. Bracts rhombic-orbicular to triangular, conspicuously toothed on the margins and usually appendaged or tubercled on the back. Bracts with linear, subulate, or oblong appendages on the back. Staminate flowers few, mixed with the pistillate ones. 9. A.Caput-Meditsae. Staminate flowers in terminal clusters. 6. A. saccaria. Bracts with triangular lobes and appendages. Leaves tliin, more or less toothed or hastate. Bracts ovate, acute, longer than broad; branches terete or nearly so. 10. A. rosea. Bracts suborbicular, as broad as long; branches distinctly round- angled. Leaves subsessile, only the lowest with short-winged petioles, very thin, usually cuspidate-acuminate; staininate spikes, if present, elongated. 11. A. expansa. Leaves petioled, firmer, acute; staminate spikes, if present, very short. 12. A. argentea. Leaves ovate or oblong, entire, usually less than 2 cm. long. Leaves more or less 3-ribbed; branches ascending. Leaves strongly ribbed; faces of the bracts with short thick ap- pendages. 13. A. Powellii. Leaves obscurely ribbed ; bracts without dorsal appendages. 14. A. Rydbergii. Leaves 1-ribbed; branches spreading, slender. Leaves ovate or oblong, 2-7 mm. long; bracts ovate, tubercled below the middle. 15. A. tenuissima Leaves Unear, 7-17 mm. long; bracts ovate-oblong, tubercled at or above the middle. 16. A. Greenei. Perennials. Bracts not winged on the back. Plant monoecious; lateral wings decurrent on the pedicels. 17. A. gracilUflora. Plant dioecious; lateral wings not decurrent. Bracts with entire or merely wavy (rarely slightly denticulate) margins, with- out appendages on the back. Bracts small, 3—4 mm. long, longitudinally veined. Bracts united to above the middle; slirub not spinescent. 18. A. lentiformis. Bracts nearly free; shrub spinescent. 19. A. Torreyi. Bracts larger, 5-10 mm. long, not veined. Leaves reniform, coarsely sinuately dentate; free portion of the bracts reniform. 20. A. hymenulytra. Leaves entire; bracts not reniform. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 77 Leaves broadly oval or obovate; bracts obovate or suborbicular. Bracts entire. 21. A. confertifolia. Bracts dentate or denticulate, at least near the base. 22. A. collina. Leaves oblanceolate; bracts lance-oblong. 23. A. subconferta. Bracts with a distinctly toothed margin or appendaged on the back. Bracts broadest above the middle. Bracts more or less toothed on the margin, only rarely tuberculate on the back. Bracts 3-toothed at the apex, the middle tooth the longest. Bracts oblong-cuneate ; leaves oblanceolate-cuneate. 24. A. Gardneri. Bracts broadly obovate-ciuieate ; leaves linear. 25. A. tridentata. Bracts several-toothed at the apex. 26. A. pabularis. Bracts entire, spongy, strongly tuberculed or appendaged on the back. 27. A. corrugala. Bracts broadest below the middle, strongly tuberculate or appendaged. Leaves oblanceolate to spatulate. Leaves oblanceolate, oblong, or narrowly spatulate, subsessile, or short-petioled. Plant low; staminate flowers brown, in panicles; leaves short- petioled. 28. A. oblanceolata. Plant usually tall; staminate flowers yellow, in interrupted spikes; leaves sessile. Bracts ovate, sessile or nearly so ; leaf-blades oblanceolate to oblong. 29. A. Nuttallii. Bracts fusiform, stalked; leaf-blades oblong-linear to linear. 30. A. falcata. Leaves broadly spatulate, conspicuously petioled; staminate flowers brown, in interrupted spikes. 31. A. cuneata. Leaves oval, sessile. 32. A. buxifolia. Bracts broadly 4-winged. Leaves oval, abruptly acuminate. 33. A. Garretth. Leaves from oblong or spatulate to linear, not acuminate. Wings thick, laciniate-toothed. 34. A. aptera. Wings thin, sinuately dentate or subentire. Wings when fully developed 4-6 mm. wide, distinctly dentate. Leaves comparatively broad, linear-oblong to spatulate, 4-10 mm. wide ; sinus at the apex of the fruit narrow ; free portion of the bract one-half to three-fourths as long as the width of the wing. 35. A. canescens. Leaves very narrow, linear, 2-5 mm. wide ; sinus of the strongly reticu- late bract broad; free portion of the bract less than half as long as the width of the wing. 36. A. tetraptera. Wing very broad and thin, fully 8 mm. wide, merely sinuate; leaves hnear. 37. A. occidentalis. 8. ENDOLEPIS Torr. Leaves tliin, lanceolate, 1-nerved. - 1- E. Sucklcyi. Leaves tliick, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate; the lower 3-nerved. 2. E. dioica. 9. SUCKLEYA A. Gray. l. S. Suckleyana. 10. GRAYIA H. & A. Hop S.\ge. Plant spiny; leaves 1-3 cm. long, spatulate; bracts 8-12 mm. wide. 1. G. spinosa. Plant not spinv; leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, linear-oblanceolate ; bracts 4-6 mm. wide. 2. G. Brandegei. 11. EUROTIA Adans. White Sage, Winter Sage, Winter Fat. Branches erect, not spinescent; monoecious or some plants only pistillate; pubescence of mixed stellate and simple hairs. 1. E. lanata. Branches ascending or spreading, becoming more or less spinescent; dioecious; pubescence of stellate hairs only. 2. E. subspinosa. 12. SALICORNIA (Tourn.) L. Glasswort, Samphire. Annual with a taproot. 1- -SI. rubra. Perennial with a creeping rootstock. 2. S. utahensis. 13. ALLENROLFIA Kuntze. Burro Weed. l. .4. occidentalis. 14. SARCOBATUS Nees. Greasewood, Chico. l. S. vermiculatus. 15. SALSOLA L. Saltwort, Russian Thistle. i. s. Pestifer. 16. DONDIA Adans. Sea Elite. Sepals more or less fleshy, but none of them carinate; leaves narrowed at the base. Plant perennial, stout. 78 CHENOPODIACEAE Seeds tubercled. 1. D. Torreyana. Seeds not tubercled. 2. D. intermedia. Plant annual, more slender. 3. D. nigra. Sepals very fleshy, one or two decidedly carinate. Leaves subulate, broadest at the base; flowers crowded. Plant depressed, spreading. 4. D. depressa. Plant erect, strict. 5. D. erecta. Leaves narrowed at the base; spike slender; flowers not crowded. 6. D. occidentalis. Family 39. AMARANTHACEAE. Amaranth Family. Anthers 2-celled ; green plants with alternate leaves. Perianth present in all flowers. 1. Amaranthus. Perianth wanting in the pistillate flowers. 2. ACNIDA. Anthers 1-ceUed; stellate or woolly plants with mostly opposite leaves. Filaments united into a short cup at the base; caly.x neither crested nor spiny; plants stellate, diffuse. 3. Tiuestromia. Filaments united into a long tube; calyx crested and tuberculate or spiny at matur- ity; plants woolly, erect. 4. Fhoelichia. 1. AMARANTHUS (Tourn.) L. Amaranth, Pigweed, Tumbleweed. Sepals clawed; flowers in terminal and axillary spikes. Monoecious; sepals fimbriate; utricle circumscissile; leaf-blades linear or linear- lanceolate. 1. A. fimbriatus. Dioecious; sepals not fimbriate; utricle indehiscent; leaf-blades lanceolate-ovate or obovate. Bracts lanceolate, not exceeding the flowers; spike not very long. 2. A. Torreyi. Bracts subulate, pungent, exceeding the flowers; spikes very long. 3. A. Palmeri. Sepals not clawed Plants tall, simple; flowers in terminal and axillary panicles; sepals 5. Stamens 3; sepals 1-2 mm. long; bracts 5 mm. long or more. 4. A. Powellii. Stamens 5; sepals 2-3 mm. long; bracts 3-5 mm. long. Spikes stout, 8-14 mm. thick, strict; pistillate sepals obtuse or truncate. Inflorescence tinged with red; pistillate sepals 1.5-2 mm. long; plant glabrous. 5. A. Wrightii. Inflorescence pale green; pistillate sepals 3 mm. long; plant villous. 6. A. relroflexus. Spike slender, 4-6 mm. tliick, usually drooping ; stem glabrous ; pistillate sepals acute. 7. A. hybridus. Plant low, much branched; flowers in small axillary spike-Uke panicles, shorter than the leaves. Sepals 3-5, well developed. Sepals 4-5; bracts lanceolate, a Uttle longer than the sepals; plant prostrate. 8. A. blitoides. Sepals 3; bracts much longer than the sepals, pungent. Plant erect, glabrous. 9. A. graecizans. Plant prostrate or diffuse, pubescent. 10. A. pubescens. Sepals of the pistillate flowers, all except one, minute or wanting. 11. A. calif ornicus. 2. ACNIDA L. Water-hemp. Pistillate inflorescence of slender interrupted spikes; fruit circumscissile. \. A. lamariscina. Pistillate inflorescence of closely clustered spikes; fruit indehiscent or irregularly splitting. 2. A. allissima. 3. TIDESTROMIA Standi. l. T. lanuginosa. 4. FROELiCHIA Moench. Stout, 4-12 dm. tall; crest of fruiting calyx continuous, dentate. 1. F. campestris. Slender, 2-5 dm. liigh; crest of fruiting calyx interrupted, forming distinct spines. 2. F. gracilis. Family 40. NYCTAGINACEAE. Four-o'clock Family. Bracts distinct. Fruit crested or winged; bracts in a whorl at the base of the head-like cluster; peri- anth salverform. Bracts conspicuous. Wings not completely encircling the fruit, interrupted above and below. 1. Abronia. Wings completely encircling the fruit. 2. Tripterocalyx. Bracts inconspicuous or lacking. 3. Selinocarpus. Fruit globular, neither crested nor winged; bracts attached each to a pedicel of the umbel-like or corymbose mflorescence; perianth funnelform. 4. Hermidium. Bracts imited. Fruit neither strongly tubercled nor winged. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY 79 Fruit not ribbed; involucre herbaceous, little if at all enlarging in fruit, not be- coming membranous. Stamens usually 5 ; involucre campanulate, not enlarged in fruit. Flowers several in each involucre. 5. QUAMOCLIDION. Flowers solitary in each involucre. 6. Hesperoxi.\. Stamens 3; involucre rotate, somewhat enlarged in fruit in the manner of the next genus, but not membranous. 7. Allioxiella. Fruit ribbed; involucre rotate, in fruit becoming much enlarged and membranous. 8. Allioni.v. Fruit with two rows of strong tubercles on the back and surrounded by two-toothed infle-xed wings. 9. Wedeliella. 1. ABRONIA Jiiss. Sand Verbena, Sand Puffs. Fruit biturbinate, i. e., tapering at both ends, irregularly ridged or crested. Flowers about 2 cm. long; limb 5-10 mm. wide. Bracts broadly obovate, over 1 cm. long. 1. A. fragrans. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, less than 1 cm. long. 2. A. nudata. Flowers about 1 cm. long; limb 3-5 mm. wide; bracts ovate to lanceolate-ovate, 5-8 mm. long. Petioles of the stem-leaves shorter than the very thick blades; plant low, about 1 dm. high. 3. A. pumila. Petioles of the stem-leaves much longer than the moderately thick blades; plant slender, 2-4 dm. high. 4. A. ammophila. Fruit turbinate or obpyramidal, i. e., almost truncate above, distinctly winged, the wings very broad above. Plant almost acaulescent; stem and leaves greatly surpassed bj' the long peduncles. 5. A. nana. Plant with an elongated stem. Bracts broadly ovate or obovate, acute or obtusish. Stem distinctly viscid-pubescent; leaves scabrous-puberulent; bracts 1-1.5 cm. long. Blades of the stem-leaves elliptic; bracts broadly obovate, 12-15 mm. wide, obtusish. 6. A. salsa. Blades of the stem-leaves lanceolate; bracts oval, acute, about 6-7 mm. wide. 7. A. fallax. Stem finely puberulent or glabrous; leaves glabrous; bracts 5-8 mm. long. Stem puberulent; leaves long-petioled ; bracts 8-15 mm. long. 8. A. elliptica. Stem glabrous; leaves short-petioled ; bracts 5 mm. long. 9. A. glabra. Bracts oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, attenuate or cuspidate. Stem glabrous. 10. A. lanceolata. Stem more or less pubescent. Stem puberulent; wings with double lamina, coriaceous. 11. A. Carletoni. Stem villous; wings with single lamina, membranous. 12. A. villosa. 2. TRIPTEROCALYX Hook. Sand Puffs. Flowers 3 cm. or more long; limb about 1 cm. wide; pedxmcles longer than the leaves. 1. T. cyclopterus. Flowers 1.5-2 cm. long; limb about 5 mm. wide. Stem glabrous or nearly so; peduncles often nearly equalling the leaves. 2. T. pedunculalus. Stem densely pubescent; peduncles at least in flower much shorter than the leaves. 3. T. micranthus. 3. SELINOCARPUS A. Gray. l. S. diffusus. 4. HERMIDIUM S. Wats. l. H. alipes. 5. QUAMOCLIDION Choisy. Four-o'clock. l. Q. muUiflorum. 6. HESPERONIA Standi. l. H. limosa. 7. ALLIONIELLA Rydb. l. A. oxybaphoides. 8. ALLIONIA Loefl. Umbrella-wort. Leaves cordate to broadly ovate-lanceolate , aU distinctly petioled. Leaf-blades cordate or deltoid. 1. A. nyctaginea. Leaf-blades ovate, rounded or cuneate at the base. Stem glabrous; leaves thin and soft; inflorescence not bracteate. 2. A. floribunda. Stem hirsute; leaves thick and fleshy; inflorescence bracteate. 3. A. polyatricha. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or linear, sessile, or only the lower short-petioled. Stem more or less hirsute as well as viscid. Fruit pubescent. Leaves ovate or broadly oblong, as well as the stem conspicuously hirsute. 4. A. hirsuta. Leaves linear-lanceolate, almost glabrous ; stem sparingly hirsute, or glabrous except under the nodes. 5. A. pilosa. Fruit glabrous. 6. A. Carletoni. Stem glabrous below, not hirsute, viscid-puberulent above. 80 . NYCTAGINACEAE Flowers solitary in the involucre, on short slender pedicels; fruit nearly glabrous. 7. A. glabra. Flowers 2-3 in the involucres, subsessile; fruit decidedly pubescent. Lower leaves ovate, rounded at the base. 8. A. sessilifolia. Lower leaves lanceolate to linear, tapering at the base. Leaves of the cymes much reduced and bract-like; upper portion of the stem densely aiid finely puberulent. 9. A. bracteata. Leaves of the cymes neither much reduced nor bract-like. Leaves erect or ascending; lobes of the involucre rounded or broadly triangular-ovate. Plant prostrate or diffuse; involucres and branches of the inflor- escence densely viscid-hairy. 10. A. diffusa. Plants more simple, erect or ascending; branches of the inflorescence usually merely \'iscid-puberulent. Leaves from ovate- or obovate- to linear-lanceolate, usually over 5 mm. wide. 11. A. decumbens. Leaves narrowly linear, less than 5 mm. wide. 12. A. linearis. Leaves divergent, distinctly petioled; lobes of the involucre elliptic or oval. 13. A. divaricata. 9. WEDELIELLA Cockerell. l. W. incarnata. Family 41. TETRAGONIACEAE. Carpet- weed Family. Hypanthium wanting; capsule loculicidal; leaves whorled. 1. Mollugo. Hypanthiura manifest; capsule circumscissile ; leaves opposite. 2. Sesuviu.m. 1. MOLLUGO L. Indian Chickweed, Carpet-weed. i. M. verticiUata. 2. SEStrVIUM L. Sea Purslane. i. S. sessile. Family 42. PORTULACACEAE. Purslane Family. Ovary wholly superior. Styles or stigmas 3-8; sepals not accrescent; inflorescence not secund. Sepals deciduous, scarious; capsule 3-valved; plant with fleshy rootstock or root; ours with terete leaves. 1. Tai.inum. Sepals persistent, at least in part herbaceous. Capsule 3-valved; styles 3. Plants with a corm, or a fleshy root, crowned with a short caudex; caulino leaves opposite; ovules usually 6. 2. Cl.\ytoni.\. Plants annual, or perennial, with slender rootstocks; ovules usually 3. Stem-leaves opposite. Stem-leaves a single pair; plant neither rooting at the nodes nor flagelhferous. 3. Limnia. Stem-leaves of several pairs; plant floating and rooting at the nodes, usually flagelhferous. 4. Crunocallis. Stem-leaves alternate. Leaves very fleshy; perennials, with bulblets and creeping stems or stolons. 5. Naiocrene. Leaves not fleshy; erect annuals, without b alblets and stolons. 6. MONTI.^STRUM. Capsule circumscissile near the base. Sepals 6-8; scape jointed above the middle, with 2 or more subulate bracts at the joint. 7. Lewisia. Sepals 2; scape not jointed ne%v the middU3. Plants with a thick perennial root, bearing one or several short caudices . 8. Oreobroma. Plants with a globular corm and a slender stem bearing 2-3 verticil - late leaves. 9. Erocallis. Stvles or stigmas 2; capsule 2-valved; sepals scarious and accrescent; inflorescence " secund. 10. Spr.'VGUEA. Ovary partly inferior, circumscissile; ours low spreading leafy annuals, with flat leaves. 11. PORTUL.\CA. 1. TALINUM Adans. Fame-flower. Plant scapose, from a corm-like rootstock. Flowers about 1 cm. wide; stamens 5-10. 1. T. parviflorum. Flowers 2-3 cm. wide; stamens 30 or more. 2. T. calycinum. Plant low and spreading, from a branched rootstock ; flowers axillary. 3. T. brachypodum. 2. CLAYTONIA (Gronov.) L. Spring Beauty, Ground-nut. Plants with corms; basal leaves few. Stem-leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 1-ribbed or indistinctly 3-ribbed. Corolla orange. 1. C. chrysantha. Corolla wliite or pink. Sepals oblong to oval, rounded at the apex; corms usually with 1 or 2 stems. Stem-leaves petioled; corolla white, with rose-colored veins. 2. C. rirginica. PURSLANE FAMILY 81 stem-leaves sessile; flowers pink. 3. C. rosea. Sepals riaombic-ovate ; conns with several stems. 4. C. mulliscapa. Stem-leaves broadly lanceolate, distinctly triple-ribbed. 5. C. lanceolata. Plants with a short caudex and a fleshy taproot ; basal leaves clustered. 6. C. megarrhiza. 3. LIMNIA L. Spanish Lettuce, Squaw Lettuce, Souaw Cabbage, Miners' Lettuce. Plants with perennial scaly rootstocks; stem-leaves not united. 1. L. asarifalia. Plants annual, or perennial by offsets. Stem-leaves free; bractlets present. Stem-leaves rounded or rhombic-ovate. 2. L. sibirica. Stem-leaves linear. 3. L. arcnicola. Stem-leaves more or less united; bractlets lacking, or only one below the lowest pedicel. Stem-leaves broadly ovate to orbicular. Blades of the basal leaves reniform or rhombic to spatulate. Racemes elongate; flowers more or less fascicled; seeds about 2 mm. long. 4. L. perfoliata. Racemes short, only slightly exceeding the subtending leaves; seeds about 1 mm. long. 5. L. depressa. Blades of the basal leaves linear to spatulate; seeds 1 mm. long or less. Racemes elongate. 6. L. parviflora. Racemes very short. Stem-leaves 1-2 cm. long; seeds minutely muricate. 7. L. utahensis. Stem-leaves less than 1 cm. long; seeds conspicuously granulated. 8. L. spalhulata. Stem-leaves linear. 9. L. exigua. 4. CRUNOCALLIS Rydb. Water Spring-Beauty. l. C. Chamissonis. 5. NAIOCRENE (T. & G.) Rydb. l. N. parvifolia. 6. MONTIASTRUM (A. Gray) Rydb. i. M. lineare. 7. LEWISIA Pursh. Bitter-root, Red-head Louisa. i. L. redeviva. 8. OREOBROMA Howell. Bread-root. Bracts neither sepal-like nor closely subtending the calyx. Sepals not erose-denticulate. Petals 10-12 mm. long; leaves usually more than 2 mm. wide. 1. O. nevadensis. Petals less than 10 mm. long; leaves 2 mm. wide or less. 2. O. minima. Sepals erose-denticulate. 3. O. pygmaea. Bracts '2, sepal-like and closely subtending the calyx. 4. O. brachycalyx. 9. EROCALLIS Rydb. l. E. triphylla. 10. SPRAGUEA Torr. Pussy-paws. 1. s. multiceps. 11. PORTULACA (Tourn.) L. Purslane, Pussley. Leaf-blades flat, glabrous in the axils or nearly so; petals yellow. Stem prostrate; sepals pointed in the bud; seeds obscurely granulate. 1. P. oleracea. Stem ascending; sepals obtuse in the bud; seeds ecliinate-tuberculate. 2. P. reiusa. Leaf-blades terete or nearly so, pilose in the axils; petals red or purple. 3. P. pilosa. Family 43. CORRIGIOLACEAE. Whitlow-wort Family. 1. PARONYCHIA (Tourn.) Adans. Whitlow-wort. Flowers solitary; leaves scarcely exceeding the bracts; plants densely pulvinate. Leaves elliptic, tliick, not spinulose-tipped. 1. P. pulvinata. Leaves linear, chartaceous, spinulose-tipped. Leaves straight, ascending ; spinules of the sepals less than 1 mm. long. 2. P. brevicuspis Leaves arcuate-spreading; spinules of the sepals more than 1 mm. long. 3. P. sessiliflora. Flowers more or less clustered; leaves much longer than the bracts. Plants low and diffuse, less than 1 dm. high; calyx fully 3 mm. long. Inflorescence much contracted; bracts exceeding the flowers. 4. P. depressa. Inflorescence more open; bracts shorter than or merely equalling the flowers. 5. P. diffusa. Plants taller, 1 dm. or more high; stems erect or ascending; calyx 2-2.5 mm. long. Branches of the cymes ascending; calyx about 2.5 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, gradually acuminate. 6. P. Jamesii. Branches of the cymes divaricate; calyx about 2 mm. long; sepals oblong, abruptly acuminate. 7. P. XVardii. Family 44. ALSINACEAE. Chickweed Family. stipules wanting. Capsule opening with twice as many valves or teeth as there are styles; petals deeply 2-cleft. 82 ALSINACEAE Capsule short, ovate or oblong, opening with usually 6 valves; styles usually 3. 1. Alsine. Capsule long, cylindric, often curved, opening with usually 10 teeth at the apex; styles usually 5. 2. Cerastium. Capsule opening with as many, entire or at length 2-cleft, valves as there are styles; petals entire or merely notched at the apex (except in Arenaria Kingii). Styles fewer than the sepals, or rarely of the same number and then opposite them. Flowers with a rather prominent, glandular, 10-lobed disk under the ovary; plants fleshy. 3. A.\tMODEN-i.\. Flowers with no or a very inconspicuous disk; plants scarcely fleshy. Seeds with a basal membranous appendage (stropliiole) at the hylum. 4. ]MOEHRINGI.\. Seeds not strophiolate. Valves of the capsule entire. 5. Alsinopsis. Valves of the capsule at last 2-cleft. 6. Aren.uiia. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. 7. Sagina. Stipules present. Leaves whorled; styles 5. 8. Spergula. Leaves opposite; styles usually 3. Styles distinct; sepals not spinulose-tipped. 9. Tissa. Stigmas sessile; sepals spinulose-tipped. 10. Loeflingia. 1. ALSINE L. Chickweed, Starwort. Plant not viscid. Basal leaf-blades spatulate to rhombic-obovate, petioled; plants annual. Leaf-blades all ovate or rhombic-ovate. Flowers cymose. 1. A media Flowers sohtary in the axils. 18. A. washingloniana Stem-leaves small, lanceolate. 2. A. nitens. All leaves sessile. Upper bracts at least scarious; perennials with rootstocks. Petals minute or none. Leaves oblong-lanceolate; branches of the inflorescence at last reflexed. 3. A. baicalensis. Leaves linear; branches of the inflorescence ascending. 4. A. alpestris. Petals equalling or exceeding the sepals. Leaves broadest at about the middle, narrowed at the base. 5. A. longifolia. Leaves broadest near the base. Calyx 4-5 mm. long; stem not vtIIous. Stem 2-3 dm. high, many-flowered; leaves narrowly lanceolate to nearly linear. Sepals lanceolate, very acute, nearly equalling the capsule. 6. A. strictiflora. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or mucronate, scarcely more than half as long as the mature capsule; pedicels in fruit spreading. 7. .4. longipes. Stem 3-15 cm. high, usually 1-3-flowered, rarely 4-6-flowered. Leaves narrowly lanceolate; sepals lanceolate, very acute. 8. A. laeta. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; sepals ovate-lanceolate, ob- tusish. 9. A. Edwardsii. Calyx 2-3 mm. long; stem 1 dm. high or less, 3-10-flowered, usually villous. 10. A. subvestita. Xone of the bracts scarious. Leaves linear to lanceolate, more than four times as long as broad; plants perennial, \vith runnnig rootstocks. Petals equalling or exceeding the sepals. Plant low, less than 1 dm. high, bluish green. 8. A. laeta. Plant slender, light green, more than 1 dm. high. 11. A. crassi folia. Petals much shorter than the sepals, or none. Sepals with narrow scarious margins, acute; leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the base; midrib not unusually strong: petals usually lacking. 12. A. borealis. Sepals with broad scarious margins, acuminate; loaves Unear-lanceolate, with a strong midrib; petals usually present. Leaves 2-8 mm. wide, broadest near the base. 13. A. brachypetala. Leaves 8-15 mm. wide, broadest near the middle. 14. A. oxyphylla. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ovate or oval, less than four times as long as broad; cespitose perennials, except No. 18. Leaves tlun. Stem glabrous or nearly so. Sepals acute or acuminate. 15. A. crispa. Sepals obtuse. 16. A. obtusa. Stem distinctly pubescent. Leaves sessile; flowers more or less cymose. 17. A. calycantha. CHICKENWEED FAMILY 83 Leaves short-petioled ; flowers solitary in the axils. 18. A. washingtoniana. Leaves thick. Petals equalling or exceeding the sepals; branches simple, ascending. Leaves ovate, bluish green, with strong midrib; petals longer than the obtusish sepals. 9. A. Edwardsii. Leaves oval, bright green; midrib not strong; petals equalling the acute sepals. 19. A. Palmeri. Petals shorter than the sepals; branches divaricately branched, spread- ing. 20. A. polygonoides. Plant more or less viscid, especially the upper portion; perennials with rootstocks. Plant tall, 1-3 dm. high, erect; leaves linear to lanceolate. Leaves hnear or U near-lanceolate, 2-5 mm. wide. 21. A. Curtisii. Leaves lanceolate, 5-10 mm. wide. 22. A. Jamesiana. Plant low, diffusely cespitose; leaves ovate. 23. A. americana. 2. CERASTIUM L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. .Vnnuals; pod 2-3 times as long as the calyx. Pedicels in fruit 1-3 times as long as the calyx, straight or nearly so. 1. C. brachypodum. Pedicels in fruit 5 times as long as the calyx or longer; strongly curved above. 2. C. nutans. Perennials or rarely annuals; pods 1-2 times as long as the calyx. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, mostly obtuse, or barely acutish. Petals 1 cm. long or more, fully twice as long as the sepals. Sepals, at least the outer ones, oval, obtuse, scarious-margined at the tip as well as on the sides. 3. P. pulchellum. Sepals lanceolate, acute, scarious mostly on the margins only. Leaves and stem distinctly, although not copiously villous. 4. C. alpinum. Leaves and stem flaely pilose. 5. C. Earlei. Petals less than 1 cm. long. Petals much exceeding the sepals. Leaves thick with a prominent midrib. Plant tall, 4-5 dm. high; leaves linear-oblong. 12. C. Leibergii. Plant low, depressed, less than 1 dm. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate. 18. C. Ihermale. Leaves thin; midrib not prominent. Sepals tinged with purple; stem depressed, 1-3-flowered. 6. C. Beeringianum. Sepals light green; plant not depressed, 3-12-flowered. 7. C. variabile. Petals scarcely if at all exceeding the sepals; branches erect or ascending. Plant low and cespitose; leaves rather thick, all subsessile. 8. C. Buffumae. Plant taller and simple; leaves thin, the lower spatulate and with winged petioles. 9. C. vulgalum. Leaves, at least the lower ones, Unear or linear-lanceolate, acute. Leaves of the inflorescence short, broadly ovate, the rest linear. 10. C. oreophilum. Leaves all linear or lanceolate, or rarely Unear-oblong. Inflorescence racemose-cymose, with almost erect branches, as well as the calyx copiously viscid. 11. C. elongatum. Inflorescence cymose, with ascending or spreading branches. Lower leaves linear-oblong, 5-8 mm. wide; often obtuse. 12. C. Leibergii. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, usually less than 5 mm. wide, all acute or acuminate. Petals 12-14 mm. long, more than twice as long as the sepals. 13. C. graminifolium. Petals 10 mm. long or less, rarely twice as long as the sepals. Stem villous with reflexed hairs. Leaves thm and flaccid, those of the sterile shoots and fascicles much narrower than those of the main stem. 14. C. anguslatum. Leaves Arm, with a thick midrib, all alike or those of the sterile shoots broader. 15. C. campeslre. Stem finely glandular-puberulent. Leaves thin and soft, all linear or narrowly Unear-lanceolate ; midrib not prominent. • 16. C. scopulorum. Leaves thick and firm; midrib prominent. Stem 1 dm. high or more; plant green; leaves not coriaceous, acute. 17. C. strictum. Stem depressed, less than 1 dm. high; plant yellowish green; leaves coriaceous, the lower often obtuse. 18. C. Ihermale. 3. AMMODENIA J. G. Gmel. l. A. oblongifolia. 4. MOEHRINGIA L. Stem terete; leaves oval or elUptic-oblong ; sepals obtuse or acutish. 1. M. lateriflora. 84 ALSINACEAE Stem angled; leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate; sepals very acute or acuminate. 2. M. macTophylla. 5. ALSINOPSIS Small. Sandwort. Annuals. Plant puberulent above; petals exceeding the sepals. 1. A. tenella. Plant glabrous; petals scarcely equalling the sepals. 2. A. dawsonensis. Cespitose perennials. Sepals acute or acuminate. Leaves pungent, arcuate-spreading; sepals 1-nerved or indistinctlj' .3-nerved. 3. A. occidentalis. Leaves not pungent; sepals distinctly 3-nerved. Petals 6-8 mm. long, much exceeding the sepals. 4. A. macrantha. Petals small, scarcely equalling the sepals. Plant densely glandular-puborulent. 5. A. propinqua. Plant glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 3-nerved, acutish, flat. Leaves Unear-subulate, usually over 1 cm. long; plant cespitose, but not densely tufted, 3-10 cm. high. 6. A. verna. Leaves Unear-lanceolate, less than 1 cm. long; plant densely tufted, about 2 cm. liigh. 7. A. quadrivalvis. Leaves usually 1-nerved, obtuse, more or less triangular in cross-sec- tion, fleshy. 8. A. Rossii. Sepals obtuse. Petals equalling or somewhat exceeding the sepals; plant 1-5 cm. high. 9. A. obtusilnba. Petals twice as long as the sepals; plant about 1 dm. high. 10. A. laricifolia. 6. ARENARIA L. Sandwort. Annuals; leaves ovate, 4-7 mm. long. 1. A. serpyllifolia. Perennials. Leaves neither narrowly Unear nor pungent. Plant low and spreading; stems less than 1 dm. long; leaves ovate-oblong, less than 1 cm. long. Sepals obtuse or acute; midrib not very prominent; leaves glabrous. 2. A. cylindrocarpa. Sepals acuminate; midrib very prominent; leaves puberulent. 3. A. polycaulos. Plant taller; stems 2-4 dm. long; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, more than 1 cm. long. 4. A. confusa. Leaves narrowly linear, more or less rigid and pungent. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Inflorescence contracted and head-like. Bracts ovate, not scabrous-ciliolate, only scarious-margined. 5. A. congesta. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, scabrous-ciliolate, wholly scarious, except the midrib. 6. A. cephaloidea. Inflorescence more open. Sepals obtuse, or some acutish, or apiculate. Plant glabrous. Bracts linear-lanceolate, scarcely scarious-margined. 8. A. nardifolia. Bracts ovate-lanceolate or ovate, broadly scarious-margined, with green midrib. 9. A. lilhophila. Plant more or less glandular. Sepals 4-5 mm. long; petals about twice as long as the sepals. 10. A. fnrmosa. Sepals 2-3 mm. long; petals half longer than the sepals. 11. A. salmonensis. Sepals distinctly acute or acuminate. Petals deeply 2-cleft. 12. A. Kingii. Petals not deeply 2-cleft. Plant with a cesnitose perennial caudex; all bracts usually broadly lanceolate and broadly scarious-margined. Capsule scarcely exceeding the sepals; leaves ascending. Flowers all pedicelled, in open regular cymes; inflorescence more or less glandular. Leaves distinctly pungent; plant sparingly glandular- puberulent. Sepals 4-5 nam. long; plant not densely tufted. 13. A. iiintahensis. Sepals 3 nam. long; plant low, densely tufted. 14. A. compacla. Leaves more fleshy, not pungent; inflorescence and calyx densely glandular-pubescent. 15. A. Tweedyi. Flowers mostly subsessile, in small glomerules at the ends of the branches of the very irregular cymes. 16. A. Burkei. Capsule almost twice as long as the sepals; leaves spreading. 17. A. aculeata. Plant suffrutescent, the perennial portion of the stems often 1-2 dm. high; lower bracts subulate, only the upper scarious. y 18. A. glabrescens. CHICKENWEED FAMILY 85 Sepals narrowly lanceolate, acuminate. Cymes open, not densely congested. Plant more or less glandular. Branches of the inflorescence long and ascending-spreading; sepals equalling or exceeding the petals. 19. A. laxiflora. Branches of the inflorescence comparatively short and strongly ascend- ing; sepals usually shorter than the petals. 20. A. Fendleri. Plant perfectly glabrous. 21. A. Eastwoodiae. Cymes densely congested, subcapitate. Caudex of numerous procumbent branches covered with dried leaves; sepals long-acuminate, longer than the petals. 22. A. Franklinii. Caudex multicipital; sepals short-acuminate, shorter than the petals. 23. A. Hookeri. 7. SAGINA L. Pearlwort. stem short, forming sterile rosettes at the base; perennials. Basal leaves filiform; petals shorter than the green sepals. 1. S. saginoides. Basal leaves subulate; petals longer than the purple-tinged sepals. 2. S. nivalis. Stem slender, 5-10 cm. high, without sterile rosettes at the base; annuals. 3. S. occidentalis. 8. SPERGULA L. Spurry, Corn Spurry. l. S. arvensis. 9. TISSA Adans. Sand Spurry. Stipules lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, longer than broad. 1. T. rubra. Stipules broadly triangular, as broad as long or broader. Stipules triangular, about as long as broad; iuternodes of the stem much shorter than the leaves; seeds rough. 2. T. salina. Stipules very broadly triangular, almost twice as broad as long; middle internodes about equalling the nodes ; seeds smooth. 3. T. sparsiflora. 10. LOEFLINGIA L. l. L. texana. Family 45. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. Pink Family. Calyx with at least twice as many ribs (usually 10) as calyx-teeth, running both into the teeth and the sinuses. Styles 5, alternate with the foliaceous calyx-lobes. 1. Agrostemma. Styles either 5 and opposite the short calyx-lobes or fewer than 5. Styles mostly 3; capsule usually septate at the base. 2. Silene. Styles 5; capsule 1-celled to the base. 3. Wahlbergell.\. Calyx 5-angled or 5-ribbed. Petals with a crown; calyx not strongly angled. 4. Saponaria. Petals without a crown; calyx strongly 5-angled. 5. Vaccaria. 1. AGROSTEMMA L. Corn Cockle, Corn Campion. i. A. Githago. 2. SILENE L. Catchfly, Campion. Annuals. Glabrous or nearly so, or the upper nodes glutmous. 1. S. antirrhina. Viscid-pubescent or hirsute throughout. 2. S. noctiflora. Perennials. Calyx mostly 10-nerved, rarely strongly inflated in fruit, not constricted at the mouth. Caulescent herbs, rather tall, not densely matted, with rootstocks. Inflorescence paniculate or thyrsoid at the end of the stem, not leafy; flowers more than I cm. long. Blade of the petals 2-parted and cleft into 4-6 linear segments. 3. S. oregana. Blades of the petals bifid ; each lobe sometimes with a lateral tooth. Blade small, scarcely exceeding the small appendages; plant viscid- tomentose. 4. S. Spaldingii. Blades conspicuous, much longer than the appendages; plant viscid- puberulent or glabrous. Stipe of the capsule over 5 mm. long; fruiting calyx distinctly con- tracted below. 5. S. repens. Stipe of the capsule short, less than 5 mm. long; calyx slightly if at all contracted below. Plants comparatively few-flowered; inflorescence not verticil- lately racemose or spicate; branches mostly ascending and bracts shorter than the calyx. Stemnearly glabrous; flowers solitary or 3-5 in an open cyme; leaves grass-like. 6. S. monantha. Stem puberulent throughout or viscid above ; leaves not grass- like. Calyx short, its lobes rounded, with dilated scarious mar- gins. 7. S. Columbiana. Calyx long, its lobes ovate; margins scarcely dilated. Calyx inflated in fruit, purple-veined; stem viscid above. 86 CARYOPHYLLACEAE Plant very viscid: leaves thick, the basal ones nar- rowly linear-oblanceolate: calvx less inflated. 8. S. Lyallii. Plant usually viscid only above; leaves thin, the basal ones oblanceolate or spatulate; calyx ' much inflated and rounded below. 9. S. multicaulis. Calyx scarcely inflated in fruit, narrowed downward ; veins green; plant not viscid. 10. S. Douglasii. Plants many-flowered, more or less verticillately racemose or spicate, witla erect branches; lower bracts longer than the calyx. Claw and auricles of the petals narrow; the latter laciniate. 11. S. Scouleri. Claw and auricles of the petals broad; the latter cUiate. 12. S. Hallii. Inflorescence leafy ; flowers borne in the axils of the branches, less than 1 cm. long. 13. S. Menziesii. Plant subacaulescent, densely cespitose-pulvinate. 14. S. acaulis. Calyx 1.5-20-nerved, strongly inflated in fruit and more or less constricted at the naouth. 15. S. vulgaris. 3. WAHLBERGELLA Fries. Tall, usually 3 dm. high or more, several to manj'-flowered, in narrow cymes. Petals included. 1. W. Drummondii . Petals exserted. Ovarj sessile; blades of the petals emarginate. 2. W. striata. Ovary stipitate; blades of the petals 2-cleft. 3. W. Parryi. Low, about 1 dm. liigh; flowers solitary, or 2 or 3; seeds winged. Flowers in anthesis erect; fruiting calyx not much inflated. Petals usually exserted; claw broad; blade short and broad, emarginate. Claws of the petals and the filaments naked; plant glandular- villous. 4. W. affinis. Claws of the petals and the filaments ciliate; plant puberulent. 5. W. Kingii. Petals usually included; claws and blades narrow; the latter bifid; filaments glabrous. 6. W. rnontana. Flowers in anthesis nodding; fruiting calyx much inflated. Petals slightly exserted; calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate; five of the stamens adnate to the petals for one-third their length. 7. W. attenuata. Petals included; calyx-lobes short, rounded-ovate; five of the stamens only slightly adnate to the petals at the base. 8. H'. apetala. i. SAPONARIA L. Soapwort, Bouncing Bet. i. S. officinalis. 5. VACCARIA Medic. Cow-herb, Cow Cockle. l. V. Vaccaria. Family 46. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. Hornwort Family. 1. CERATOPHYLLUM L. Horxwort. l. C. demersum. Family 47. NYMPHAEACEAE. Water Lily Family. Petals small, stminaodia-like; stamens hypogynous. 1. Nymph.\.ea. Petals at least as large as th sepals; staemens epigynous. 2. C.\st.\.lia. 1. NYMPHAEA (Tourn.) L. Yellow Pond Lily, Sp.\tter-dock. Leaves 1-3 dm. long, the sinus extending about one-third their length; petals cuneate to oblanceolate. truncate; stigma IO-25-raycd. Sepals 9-12; flowers 6-10 cm. in diameter; stamens red. 1. A'', polysepala. Sepals usually 6; flowers 4-7 cm. in diameter; stamens yellow. 2. iV. variegala. Leaves 5-10 cm" long, the sinus extending fully one-half their length; petals spatulate, thin; stigma 7-10-rayed; flowers about 2.5 cm. in diameter. 3. A", nncrophylla. 2. CASTALIA Salisb. Water Lily. Pond Lily. l. C. Leibergii. Family 48. RANUNCULACEAE. Crowfoot Family. Carpels l-ovniled; fruit of achenes. Petals wanting; sepals often petal-like. Sepals imbricate in the bud; leaves all alternate, or only those subtending the inflorescence opposite. Flowers subtended by opposite or verticillate leaf-like bracts. Styles short, not elongating m fruit. 1. ANEMONE. Styles much elongating in fruit, plumose. 2. Pulsatilla. Flowers not subtended by opposite or verticillate bracts. Leaves ternately compound. 3. Thalictrum. CROWFOOT FAMILY 87 Leaves palmately cleft. 4. Trautvetteria. Sepals valvate in the bud; leaves all opposite. Stamens erect; sepals thickish, more or less converging; staminodia wanting. 6. VIORNA. Stamens spreading; sepals spreading from the base. Flowers mostly paniculate; sepals white or yellow, firm, without a border; staminodia wanting. 5. Clematis. Flowers solitary; sepals blue or purple, thin; staminodia usually present. 7. Atragexe. Petals usually present. Sepals spurred; small annuals with basal linear leaves; receptacle in fruit elongate- cylindrical; stamens 5. 8. MYOSURUS. Sepals not spurred; plant usually bearing cauline as well as basal leaves; receptacle in fruit spherical, conical or short-cylindric; stamens more than .5. Achenes transversely wrinkled; petals white. 9. Batr.achium. Achenes not transversely wrinkled. Achenes not ribbed. Petals yellow, at least without; sepals deciduous. Achenes without an empty upper portion ; plants not scapose. 10. Raxtjxculus. Achenes with the lower half enclosing the seed; the upper portion empty, flattened and spongy; plants scapose. 11. COPTIDIUM. Petals pink, rose-colored, or white; sepals marcescent-persistent. 12. Beckwithia. Achenes longitudinally ribbed; petals yellow. Achenes compressed; leaves simple, crenate or lobed. 13. HALERPE3TES. Achenes terete; leaves compound. 14. Cyrtorhyncha. Carpels with several o^-ules; fruit of follicles or berries. Hypanthium not developed; petals wholly superior. Flowers regular. Petals inconspicuous or none, not spurred. Fruit of follicles; flowers solitary. Follicles sessile; leaves simple or cleft. Petals wanting; leaf-blades entire or merely toothed. 1.5. Caltha. Petals present, but small, Unear; leaf-blades palmately parted and toothed. 16. TROLLirs. Follicles stipitate; petals clawed; leaves compound or dissected. Petals hooded and nectariferous at the summit; leaves ternate. 17. COPTIS. Petals flUform or hnear beyond the nectariferous pit; leaves pin- nately dissected. 18. Chrysocoptis. Fruit a berry; leaves twice or thrice ternately compound. 19. ACTAEA. Petals conspicuous, produced into a spur or at least saccate at the base; leaves ternately compoimd. 20. Aouilegi.\. Flowers irregular. Posterior sepal spurred. 21. Delphintjm. Posterior sepal hooded, helmet-shaped or boat-shaped. 22. Aconituii. Hypanthium somewhat developed, lined at the mouth by a fleshy perigynous disk. 23. Paeoxia. 1, ANEMONE (Tourn.) L. Wind-flower, Anemone. Plants with tuberous roots; sepals 6-20. 1. A. tuberosa. Plants with a rootstock; sepals 5—6, rarely more. Achenes densely villous. Style flhform, usually deciduous; heads of fruit spherical or nearly so; involucral leaves short-petioled or subsessile. Leaves ternate; segments broadly cuneate or flabelUform, crenate or slightly cleft. 2. A. parviflora. Leaves 2—4 times ternate; segments linear to oblong or oblanceolate. Styles 1-3 mm. long; leaves 2-3 times ternate. Achenes merely strigose on the back, densely villous on the sides ; styles 2-3 mm. long; leaf-blades glabrate; segments oblanceolate. 3. A. tetonensis. Achenes villous all over; style 1-2 mm. long. Leaflets thick, glabrate, strongly veined; segments oblanceolate, acutish. 4. A. lithnphila. Leaf-blades thin, usually long-hairy, not strongly veined; segments linear to lanceolate acute. 5. A. globosa. Styles 4-6 mm. long; leaves 3—4 times ternate; segments narrowly linear. 6. A. Drummondii. Styles subulate, persistent; heads of fruit from rounded oblong to cyUndric; involucral leaves long-petioled. Heads elongate, cyUndric; styles about 1 mm. long; flowers usiially subumbel- late. 7. A. c'yUndrica. Heads of fruit rounded-oblong; styles about 2 mm. long; flowers truly cymose. Petals greenish white, 1 cm. long or less; styl&s in fruit divergent. 8. A. virginiana. Petals white, 1.5 cm. long; styles suberect. 9. A. riparia. 88 RANUNCULACEAE Achenes not villous. Achenes wing-margined; plant stout. Sepals yellow; styles very long, reflexed. 10. A. Richardsoni. Sepals white or pink; styles not reflexed. Flowers cyniose; achenes sparsely hirsute when young, sessile; styles long, straight. 11. A. canadensis. Flowers subiHnbellate ; achenes glabrous, stipitate; styles short, curved. 12. A. zephyra. Achenes not wing-margined, pilose; style minute; plant slender; flowers solitary. 13. A. Piperi. 2. PULSATILLA Adans. Pasque-flower, Blue Tulip, Wild Crocus, Lion's Beard (Fruit). Flowers purple or violet, seldom white; involucral leaves sessile, palmately divided into linear lobes. 1. P- ludoviciana. Flowers white or tinged with purple; involucral leaves petioled, ternate and twice pin- nately dissected. 2. P. occidentalis. 3. THALICTRUM L. Meadow Rue, Maid-of-the-Mist. Flowers perfect. Plant 2 dm. or less (rarely 3 dm.) high; achenes turgid; filaments filiform. 1. T. alpinum. Plant 3-10 dm. high; achenes flat and very oblique; filaments clavate. 2. T. sparsiflorum. Flowers dioecious or polj'gamous. Achenes turgid, thick- walled ; ribs thick and almost corky, separated by acute grooves. Plants polygamous; stem-leaves subsessile, the basal ones petioled. Achenes, petiolules, and lower surfaces of the leaves decidedly viscid-pubes- cent. 3. T. dasycarpum. Achenes. petiolules, and the lower surfaces of the leaves glabrous or slightly viscid-puberulent. 4. T. purpurascens. Plants dioecious ; all leaves petioled. Achenes equally acutish at both ends; leaves very thin and not strongly veined. 5. T. dioicum. Achenes more acute at the upper end than at the lower; leaves firm, strongly veined. 6. T. venulosum. Achenes more or less flattened, thin-walled; ribs not thick, separated by wide, shallow, rounded grooves. Achenes sessile. Achenes more than twice as long as broad, slightly if at all obUque. Achenes about 4 times as long as broad, 6-8 mm. long, 1.5-2 ram. wide. 7. T. occidentalc. Achenes less than 3 times as long as broad. Achenes 6-8 mm. long, 2.5-3.5 mm. ^vide. 8. T. megacarpiun. Achenes 4-5 mm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide. 9. T. columbianum. Achenes not quite twice as long as broad, decidedly oblique. 10. T. Fendleri. Achenes stipitate. 11. T. slipitatum. 4. TRAUTVETTERIA F. & M. False Bugb.^ne. styles in fruit about one-tliird as long as the body of the achenes; filaments broader than the anthers. 1. T. grandis. Styles in fruit less than one-fourth as long as the body of the achenes; filaments not broader than the anthers. 2. T. media. 5. CLEMATIS L. Virgin's Bower, White Clematis, Traveler's Joy, PlPE-.SrE.M. Plant dioecious; flowers white, paniculate. Inflorescence usually longer than the leaves, its branches and the pedicels strongly ascending; leaflets lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; sepals oblanceolate. 1. C. Ugusticifolia. Inflorescence shorter than the leaves, its branches and the pedicels more spreading; leaflets broadly ovate, usually subcordate at the base; sepals spatulate. 2. C. brerifolia. Plant with perfect yellowish flowers, solitary in the axils. 3. C. orientalis. 6. VIORNA Reichenb. Vase-vixe, Le.\ther-flower, Old Man's Whiskers AND Lion's Beard (fruit). Sepals not or indistinctly dilated above. Calyx rounded-urceolate; sepals broadly ovate, merely the tips spreading. Leaf-segments ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 cm. long. 1. V. Scotlii. Leaf-segments linear to lanceolate, 1-2 cm. long. 2. V. Bakcri. Calyx elongated-campanulate; sepals oblong-lanceolate, about one-fourth or more of their length spreading. Middle and upper leaves subsessile, thrice ternate; ultimate segments linear or linear-lanceolate. 3. V. hirsutissima. Middle and upper leaves distinctly petioled, twice ternate; ultimate segments lanceolate. 4. V. Wycthii. CROWFOOT FAMILY 89 Sepals decidetUy dilated at the apex. Sepals acute or short-acuminate; plant in age glabrate; leaf-segments lanceolate. 5. V. Jonesii. Sepals obtuse or merely acutish; plant permanently villous; leaf-segments linear. 6. V. eriophora. 7. ATRAGENE L. Bell Rue, Purple Virgin's Bower. Leaves merely ternate. Staminodia usually decidedly spatulate; leaflets variously toothed or cleft, not long- acuminate. Lobes or teeth of the leaves rounded or obtuse at the apex ; sepals ovate. 1. A. diversiloba. Lobes or teeth of the leaves acute or acuminate; sepals lanceolate. 2. ,4. grosseserrata. Staminodia linear or none; leaflets entire or crenate above the middle, long-acuminate. 3. A. Columbiana. Leaves twice or thrice ternate; staminodia usually linear or lacking. Secondary leaflets merely toothed or cleft. Secondary leaflets broadly ovate, with broadly ovate teeth. 4. A. repens. Secondary leaflets lanceolate, with lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate lobes or teeth. 5. .4. pseudoalpina. Secondary leaflets divided to near the niidrib. 6. A. tenuiloba. 8. MYOSURUS L. Mouse-tail. Achenes with a flat back, only slightly carinate, and tipped with a very short appressed beak. 1. M. minimus. Achenes stronglj carinate on the back, tipped with a subulate, ascending beak. Beak more than half as long as the achene proper; spike short and dense. 2. M. aristatus. Beak very short; spike of the achenes long and slender. 3. M. leplurus. 9. BATRACHIUM S. F. Gray. White Water Crowfoot. Leaves all submerged and finely dissected, with linear to capillary divisions. Divisions of the leaves rather few, flat, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide. 1. B. Porteri. Divisions of the leaves very slender, filiform or capillary. Beak of the achenes nearly 1 mm. long. 2. B. longiroslre. Beaks of the achenes minute or none. Petals 5-7 mm. long, broadly obovate; stamens many. Primary divisions of the leaves 1-1.5 cm. long, rather rigid, scarcely col- lapsing when withdrawn from the water. 3. B. trichophyllum. Primary divisions of the leaves 1.5-3 cm. long, flaccid, collapsing when withdrawn from the water. 4. B. flaccidum. Petals less than 5 mm. long, oblong-obovate; stamens 5-12. Stem slender, but not capillary; leaves not very flaccid. 5. B. Drouelii. Stem capillary-filiform; leaves very fiaccid. 6. B. confervoides. Upper leaf-blades floating, reniform, merely cleft or toothed, the rest submersed and with capillary divisions. 7. B. Grayanus. 10. RANUNCULUS (Tourn.) L. Crowfoot, Buttercup. Achenes smooth. Leaves linear to oval, entire, or merely denticulate or crenate, none divided or cleft. I. Flammulae. Some of the leaves at least cleft. Sepals black-hairy. II. Nivales. Sepals not black-hairy. Some of the basal leaves entire. Basal leaves linear or divided into 3 linear divisions. V. Digitati. Basal leaves elliptic to reniform. III. Glaberrimi. None of the leaves entire. Neither floating water plants nor creeping mud plants, if rooting at the nodes, the leaves not palmately lobed or dissected. Achenes turgid, marginless. Petals much exceeding the sepals. Basal leaves not divided to the base. IV. Affines. Leaves all divided to the base; achenes glabrous. Leaves ternate, with simple Unear divisions; plants very low, 0.5 dm. or less. V. Digitati. Leaves 2-3 times ternate; plants 5-20 cm. high. VI. Tritern.\ti. Petals scarcely exceeding the sepals. Plants low, less than 1 dm. high. VII. Pygmaei. Plants taller, 3-6 dm. high. VIII. Abortivi. Achenes compressed, with a distinct margin. Beak of the achenes strongly hooked ; heads of fruit globose. IX. Recurvati. Beak of the achenes straight or nearly so; achenes in ours glabrous. Beak short. Leaves, at least the basal ones, pinnately ternate, the ter- minal division at least petioled. X. Repentes. 90 RANUNCULACEAE Leaves palmately divided. XI. Acres. Beak long. XII. HiSPiDi. Immersed aquatics or creeping mud plants, with palmately lobed, divided, or dissected leaves. XIII. Multifidi. Achenes prickly; annuals. XIV. Muricati. I. Flammulae. Plants rooting at the nodes. Stem filiform, prostrate; petals about 3 mm. long. 1. R. reptans. Stem not fljiform, at first ascending; petals about 5 mm. long. 2. R. unalaschensis. Plants erect or ascending, not rooting at the nodes. Leaves appressed-pubescent on the lower side. 3. R. microlonchus. Leaves glabrous. Blades of the basal leaves acute at the base. Petals spatulate or oblong, usually 6-8, 6-8 mm. long. 4. R. alismaefolius. Petals obovate, usually only 5. Petals 7-10 mm. long; plants over 2 dm. high; leaves not very thin. 5. R. Bolanderi. Petals 5-6 mm. long; plant low, seldom 2 dm. high; leaves very tliin. 6. R. alismcUus. Blades of the basal leaves cordate or at least rounded at the base. 7. R. Populago. II. NiVALES. Leaf-blades spatulate or elliptic, 2-4-toothed at the apex. 8. R. hfacauleyi. Leaf-blades of the basal leaves reniform or flabelliform, 3-5-lobed or 3-5-cleft. 9. R. nivalis. III. Glaberrimi. One species. 10. R. glaberrimus. IV. Affines. Achenes pubescent, with a short recurved beak; heads oblong to cylindric. Some of the basal leaf-blades merely crenate, the rest mostly 3-cleft at the apex, with a narrow middle lobe. Sepals densely villous. Petals broadly obovate, about 1 cm. long. 11. R. cardiophyllus. Petals wanting. 29. R. apetalus. Sepals not densely villous; petals oblong-obovate, 3-6 mm. long. Petals 5-6 mm. long; heads of achenes oblong. 12. R. inamoenus. Petals 3-5 mm. long; heads of achenes cylindric. 13. R. micropetalus. Basal leaf-blades digitately or pedately cleft with acute lobes. Basal leaf-blades reniform or rounded-cordate. 14. R. affinis. Basal leaf-blades cimeate-flabclliform. 15. R. saxicola. Achenes glabrous; beak straight, usually slender. Plant glabrous, except the more or less villous sepals. Petals 7-12 mm. long; lobes of the basal leaves acutish. Basal leaf-blades cuneate-flabelliform; head of achenes somewhat oblong, 5-10 mm. long. Basal leaf-blades cleft half way down or less. 15. R. saxicola. Basal leaf-blades cleft more than half way down. 16. R. eziynius. Basal leaf-blades reniform or at least truncate at the base, divided more than half way down; heads of achenes globular. 17. R. Suksdorfii. Petals 4-8 mm. long; lobes of the basal leaves obtuse or rounded. Heads of fruit decidedly oblong; basal leaf-blades orbicular, seldom reniform, the earliest not cleft more than half way down. Leaves thick; petals about 4 nim. long. 18. R. utahensis. Leaves thin; petals about 6 mm. long. 19. R. alpeophilus. Heads of achenes spherical or nearly so; basal leaf-blades decidedly reniform, cleft deeper than half way down. Lobes of the upper stem-leaves elliptical, oval or obovate. 20. R. Eschscholtzii. Lobes of the upper stem-leaves linear to oblong. Stem about 2 dm. liigh; lateral lobes of the basal leaves 2-3-toothed. 21. R. Helleri. Stem less than 1 dm. high; lateral lobes of the basal leaves 4-5-toothed. 22. R. vericundus. Plant more or less pubescent. 23. R. ovalis. V. Digitati. One species. 24. R. Joris. VI. Triternati. Plant less than 1 dm. high; petals about 5 mm. long; segments of the leaves very short, 3-5 mm. long; beak recurved. 25. R. Drunimondii. Plant usually more than 1 dm. high; petals 5-18 mm. long; segments of the leaves 1 cm. or more long; beak slender, not recurved. Primary divisions of the basal leaves petiolate; segments linear, somewhat narrowed downward; stems usually several-flowered; roots fibrous. 26. R. slenolobus. Primary divisions of the basal leaves sessile; segments narrowly linear, almost fili- form, not narrowed downward; stems 1-2-flowered; roots fleshy-fibrous. 27. R. adoneus. VII. Pygmaei. Sepals glabrous or nearly so; lateral lobes of the basal leaves 2-3-tootlied. 28. R. pygmaeiis. CROWFOOT FAMILY 91 Sepals copiously pubescent; lateral lobes of the basal leaves 4-5-toothed. 22. R. vericundus. VIII. Abortivi. Basal leaves, at least some of them, merely crenate. Achenes pubescent: heads oblong to cylindrical. Petals present; sepals not petaloid. 13. R. micropetalus. Petals wanting: sepals with petaloid margins. 29. R. apetalus. Achenes glabrous, with a minute beak; heads subglobose. Basal leaf-blades cordate at the base: plant glabrous. 30. R. abortivus. Basal leaf-blades rarely cordate at the base; plant, especially the stem, with spreading hairs. 31. R. micranihus. All the leaves divided or lobed; annuals. 32. R. sceleratus. IX. Recurvati. Flowers small; petals only 2-5 mm. long; basal leaf-blades divided into 3 rhombic or cimeate-obovate, cleft divisions. Petals 2-3 mm. long. Stem glabrous: achenes glabrous. 33. R. Doitglasii. Stem hairy: achenes usually hirsute when young. 34. R. Bongardi. Petals 4-5 mm. long; achenes glabrous. 35. R. Earlei. Flowers larger: petals 5-12 mm. long; basal leaves often biternately cleft into linear, lanceolate, ovate, or cuneate divisions; achenes glabrous. Pubescence of the stem appressed. 36. R. acriformis. Pubescence of the stem spreading. Stem low and slender, seldom more than 3 dm. high; petals oblong to oval. 37. R. occidentalis. Stem tall, 5-10 dm. high; petals broadly obovate. 38. R. montanensis. X. Repentes. Petals le.5s than 1 cm. long. Plant glabrous or nearly so. 39. R. oreganus. Plant decidedly pubescent. Heads of achenes decidedly oblong, about 5 mm. tliick. 40. R. pennsyhanicus. Heads of achenes globose, 7-12 mm. thick. Plants not stoloniferous ; primary segments of the leaves cuneate at the base; beak half as long as the body of the achene. 41. R. Macounii. Plant prodvicing long lateral branches, rooting at the nodes; primary segments of the lower leaves more or less truncate or subcordate at the base; beak one-tliird as long as the body of the achene. 42. R. riviilaris. Petals more than 1 cm. long; stem creeping. 43. R. repens. XI. Acres. One species. 44. R. acris. XII. Hispro: Petals obovate: divisions of the leaves lanceolate or ovate. 45. R. platyphyllus. Petals elliptic; divisions at least of the upper leaves linear. 46. R. orlhorhynchus. XIII. MULTIFIDI. Leaves deeply cordate at the base, their primary divisions lobed or dissected: style about two-thirds as long as the achene. Achenes callous-margined. 47. R. delphinifolius. Achenes marginless. Stem glabrous. 48. R. Purshii. Stem pubescent. 49. R. litnosus. Leaves truncate or slightly cordate at the base, their primary lobes entire or merely crenate; styles minute. Floating water plants; at least some of the leaves cordate at the base. 50. R. intertertus. Rooting mud plants; none of the leaves cordate at the base. 51. R. hyperboreus. XIV. MURICATI. One species. 52. R. arvensis. 11. COPTIDIUM Beurl. l. C. lapponicum. 12. BECKWITHIA Jeps. Scape l-flowered, bractless; achenes 8-10 mm. long, inflated. 1. B. Andersonii. Scape 2-3-flowered, with a leaf-hke bract; achenes 3^ mm. long, not inflated. 2. B. juniperina. 13. HALERPESTES Greene. l. H. Cymbalaria. 14. CYRTORHYNCHA Nutt. Sepals spatulate or oblong-ovate, more or less contracted at the base. Lsaf-segments thick, mostly acute; inflorescence corvmbiform. 1. C. ranunculina. Leaf-segments thin, broad; inflorascence not corymbiform. 2. C. rupeslris. Sepals broadly round-ovate, not at all clawed; petals usually wanting. 3. C. neglecta. 92 RANUNCULACEAE 15. CALTHA (Rupp.) L. Marsh-marigold, Meadow-gowan. Stem scapiform or rarel> with a small leaf, erect; sepals white or greenish white. Plant 1-3 dm. liigh, often 2-flowerecl; leaf-blades orbicular or oval, 3-10 cm. long. Filaments narrower than and twice as long as the anthers; folUcles erect. 1. C. Icptosepala. Filaments broader than the anthers and only slightly longer; follicles ascending or more or less spreading above. 2. C. rotiinriifolia. Plant 5-8 cm. liigh, one-flowered: leaf-blades 1-2 cm. long; filaments broader than the anthers and 2-3 times as long. 3. C. chelidonii. Stem leafy, creeping or floating. 4. C. nutans. 16. TROLLIUS L. Globe-flower. l. T. albiflorus. 17. COPTIS Salisb. Gold-thread. l. C. trifoliata. 18. CHRYSOCOPTIS Nutt. l. C. occidentalis 19. ACTAEA L. Baneberry. Filaments wliitish; raceme short; pedicels in fruit 1-3 cm. long. Fruit wliite, ellipsoid, 9-12 mm. long. 1. A. eburnea. Fruit red. Fruit ellipsoid, 10-12 mm. long. 2. A. rubra. Fruit spherical or nearly so, 5-7 mm. long. 3. A. argula. Filaments greenish; raceme elongate; pedicels very short, even in fruit less than 1 cm. long; fruit red. 4. A. viridiflora. 20. AQUILEGIA (Tourn.) L. Columbine. Plant very low; stem scapiform and 1-flowered; spur curved; flower blue or purple. 1. A. Jonesii. Stem more or less leafy. Petals merely saccate, not spurred at the base; terminal leaflet rhombic, acute. 2. A. Eastwoodiae. Petals spurred; all leaflets obtuse. Lamina of the petals longer than the strongly curved spurs, truncate. Stems many times exceeding the basal leaves; styles in fruit about one-fourth as long as the follicles. 3. A. brcii.styla. Stem only slightly exceeding the basal leaves; styles in fruit about half as long as the follicles. Plant perfectly glabrous; flowers blue. 4. A. saximontana. Peduncles and follicles sparingly hairy; flowers sulphur-yellow or greenish. 5. A. larimiensis. Lamina of the petals shorter than the slightly curved or straight spurs. Spur not over 2 cm. long; flowers nodding. Sepals and spurs red; spur usually straight (except in No. 9). Lamina of the petals small, less than 4 mm. long or none; sepals spread- ing or reflexed. Sepals 10-15 mm. long, shorter than or rarely equalling the spurs. 6. A. truncata. Sepals 15-25 nun. long, exceeding the spurs. 7. A. columbiana. Lamina of the petals 6-12 mm. long. Sepals spreading or reflexed, longer than the spurs. S. A. formosa. Sepals ascending, usually shorter than the spiirs. Sepals much longer than the lamina of the petals; spur incurved. 9. A. latiuscula. Sepals equalling or little exceeding the lamina of the petals; spur straight. Spur gradually tapering to the apex; follicles glabrous. 10. A. rubicunda. Spur cyUndric-flliform for some distance near the apex; fol- Ucles pubescent. 11. A. elegantula. Sepals and spurs wholly yellow; spur usually slightly curved. Leaves thick, densely pubescent beneath; spur slender, abruptly nar- rowed near the base. 12. A. micruntha. Leaves tliin, glabrous or glabrate; spur gradually tapering to near the apex. 13. A. flavcscens. Spur 2.5-6 cm. long; flowers in anthesis usually erect. Basal leaves usually twice ternate; spur 3-4 cm. long. Sepals blue or white, ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse; spur 3-5 cm. long. Stem (except the upper part) and petioles glabrous. Plant 3-5 dm. high; leaflets thin, rather large, not conspicuously glaucous. 14. A. coerulea. Plant 1-2 dm. high; leaflets thick, small and conspicuously glaucous. 15. A. scopulorum. Stem and petioles glandular and villous throughout. 16. A. pallens. Sepals yellow, lanceolate, somewhat acuminate; spur 2.5-3 cm. long. 17. A. oreophila. Basal leaves usually thrice ternate; spur 4-7 cm. long; sepals yellow. CROWFOOT FAMILY 93 Spur 4-5 cm. long; sepals less than 2 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, acute; follicles strongly curved outward. 18. A. thalictrifolia. Spur 5-7 cm. long; sepals 2-4 cm. long, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; follicles almost straight. 19. A. chrysantha. 21. DELPHINIUM (Tourn.) L. L.^rkspur. A. Carpels and follicles 3, rarely 4 or 5. I. Pedicels erect or nearly so. a. Sepals white or merely tinged with blue or with a blue spot; follicles more than 1 cm. long, about four times as long as broad; seeds squamellate. (I. Caeoliniana.) Lobes of the lateral petals divergent; lower pedicels elongate; spur mostly erect; stem strigose-canescent throughout. 1. D. Penardii. Lobes of the lateral petals not divergent; lower pedicels not elongate; spur mostly horizontal; stem usually glabrous below, viscid above. 2. D. virescens. b. Sepals dark blue; follicles less than 1 cm. long, only 2-3 times as long as broad; seeds not squamellate, but wing-margined. (II. Stricta.^ Lower petals blue and bearded; perennials with fasciculate tuberous roots. Stem glabrous below. Stem glabrous throughout; pedicels equalling or exceeding the spur. Leaves pubescent; follicles glabrous. 27. D. Brownii. Leaves glabrous and glaucous; follicles strigose. 25. D. elongalum. Stem puberiilent above; follicles viscid- villous. Pedicels shorter than the spurs. 3. D. distichum. Pedicels longer than the spurs. 4. D. megacarpum. Stem more or less pubescent throughout, finely so below, viscid above. Spiir wth refle.xed tip; upper petals with a lanceolate, 2-cleft apex; inflorescence appressed-pubescent. 5. D. simplex. Spur straight; upper petals with an obliquely ovate-triangular apex, slightly 2-toothed; inflorescence villous. 6. D. cyanoreios. Lower petals wMte; roots fleshy, fusiform. Stem leafy throughout, viscid. 7. D. diversicolor. Stem leafy only at the base, glabrous below. 8. D. Burkei. II. Pedicels ascendiirg or spreading. a. Infloi-escence few-flowered; the lower pedicels elongate; sepals broad, spread- ing, dark blue; leaf-segments narrow; root short and thickened, often tuber-like. (III. Bicoloria.) Upper petals as well as the lower blue; pod straight. 9. D. Helleri. Upper petals white or yellowish, onl.v veined with blue, the lower mostly blue. Follicles 1 .5-2 cm. long, more or less arcuate, the upper portion divergent. Roots fascicled, tliick, but not tuber-like; stem usually viscid, at least above; blades of the lateral petals about 10 mm. long. Spur fully half longer than the obtuse lateral sepals. 10. D. Leonardi. Spur only slightly longer than the acute lateral sepals. 11. D. bicolor. Roots tuber-like; stem not viscid; blades of the lateral petals about 5 mm. long. Stem with long, soft reflexed hairs. 12. D. Menziesii. Stem appressed-strigose or glabrous. Flowers dark blue. 13. D. Nelsonii. Flowers light blue. 14. D. dumelorum. Follicles less than 1 cm. long, only the tips divergent; stem strigose; root tuber-like. Segments of th" leaves al! narrow. 15. D. Nultallianum. Segments of the basal leaves oblong to cimeate. 16. D. depauperatum. b. Lower pedicels not elongate; plant with a long woody taproot or a rootstock. 1. Segments of the basal leaves obtuse, mucronate. (IV. Scaposa.) Sepals light blue; lobes of the first basal leaves linear-oblong; spur a little longer than the upper petals. 17. D. coclestinum. Sepals dark blue; lobes of the first basal leaves rounded to oblong; spur nearly twice as long as the upper petals. Follicles glabrous or sparhigly viscid; stem usually scapiform. 18. D. scaposum. Follicles strigose; stem leafy. 19. D. xylorhizum. 2. Segments of all the leaves acute or acuminate. a. Plant not all viscid. ♦Follicles pubescent. (V. Robusta.) Stem grayish strigose throughout. Leaves divided into cuneate, merely cleft, segments. 20. D. geranifolium. Leaves repeatedly divided into linear lobes. Stem 3-5 dm. high; bractlets oblong, close under the calyx. 21. D. Geyeri Stem 5-20 dra. high; bractlets subulate, 2-3 mm. below the calyx. 24. D. robustum. Stem glabrous and glaucous, at least below. Plant cespitose, 2-4 dm. high. 34. D. glaucescens. Plaot not cespitose, 5-20 dm. high. Inflorescence dense; follicles scarcely at all arcuate. 94 RANUNCULACEAE Leaf-segments 3-7, broad, cimeate, merely cleft into broadly lanceolate lobes. Sepals yellowish wliite or light blue. 22. D. cucullaUan. Sepals dark blue. 23. D. canmorense. Leaf-segments narrow, repeatedly dissected into linear or linear-lanceolate divisions. Inflorescence paniculate, strigose-puberulent; leaf- segments linear. 24. D. robusturn. Inflorescence racemose, simple, glabrous or nearly so; leaf-segments narrowly lanceolate. 2o. D. clongalum. Inflorescence lax; follicles strongly arcuate. 26. D. ramosum. ** Follicles glabrous. (VI. Glauca.) 27. D. Brownii. b. Plant more or less viscid, especially the pedicels. ♦Plant tall, 4-20 dm. liigh, not cespitose. Leaves dissected into linear lobes; follicles densely strigose. (VII. VisciDA.) 28. D. viscidum. Leaves divided into cuneate or rhomboid, merely cleft, divisions. Follicles viscid-pubescent. (VIII. Occident.alia.) Flowers light blue, or yellowish, tinged with blue or purple. 29. D. mullihonun. Flowers dark blue. 30. D. occidentale. Follicles glabrous. (IX. Subalpina.) Sepals obtuse. 31. D. reticulatum Sepals acute or acuminate. Sepals at most equalling the spur. 32. D. Barbeyi. Sepals much longer than the .spur. 33. D. attenuatum. ** Plant less than 4 dm. high, cespitose. (X. Alpesthia.) Stem 2-4 dm. high, puberulent or glabrous. 34. D. glaucescens. Stem about 1 dm. high, viscid-pubescent. 35. D. alpestre. B. Carpels and follicles solitary; petals 2, united. (XI. Consoltdae.) 36. D. Ajacis. 22. ACONITUM L. Aconite, Monkshood, Wolfsbane. Hood boat-shaped, slightly saccate, almost semicircular in outline; stem slender, scarcely more than 3 dm. high; perennials with tubers. Ultimate divisions of the basal leaves linear, linear-oblong, or linear-lanceolate. 1. A. ternie. Ultimate divisions of the basal leaves lanceolate. 2. .4. delphini folium. Hood helmet-shaped, deeply saccate; stem stout, 4-10 dm. high; root fleshy, usually fusiform. Stem, at least the upper portion, viscid-pubescent. Primary divisions ol the leaves cleft or toothed; upper end of pedicels not glabrous. Front-line of the hood strongly concave, i. e., the beak porrect, almost hori- zontal. Lower sepals one-half to two-tliirds as long as the lateral ones. Beak of the hood almost as long as the portion below; inflorescence usually simple; follicles erect. 3. .4. pnrrcctum. Beak of the hood seldom one-half as long as the portion below; inflores- cence branched; follicles ascending-spreading. 4. A. diraricatum. Lower sepals at least three-fourths as long as the lateral ones; leaf-seg- ments rather broad. 5. A. Bakeri. Front-line of the hood almost straight, i. e., the beak directed downward, or slightly porrect in A. columbianum. Segments of the leaves linear-ianceolate. 6. A. ramosum. Segments of the leaves lanceolate. Lateral sepals very oblique; upper margin semi-reniform. 7. .4. columbianum. Lateral sepals moderately oblique; upper margin slightly if at all con- cave. Flowers blue. 8. A.insigne. Flowers ochroleucous. 9. A. lutescens. Primary divisions of at least the stem-leaves entire; thickened portion of the pedicels glabrous. 10. A. patens. Whole plant glabrous. 11. A. glaberrimum. 23. PAEONIA L. Paeony. l. P. Brownii. Family 49. BERBERIDACEAE. Barberry Family. Primary leaves reduced to spines; secondary ones fascicled in their axils, simple or uni- foliolate. 1. Berberis. Primary leaves pinnately compound, evergreen, no secondary ones in their axils. 2. Odostemon. 1. BERBERIS (Tourn.) L. Barberry. l. B. Fendlcri. 2. ODOSTEMON Raf. Oregon Grapes. Fruit becoming dry and inflated at maturity; leaflets less than 3 cm. long. 1. O. Fremonlii. BARBERRY FAMILY 95 Fruit fleshy, not inflated at maturity, dark blue with a bloom; leaflets 3-10 cm. long. Leaflets 3-11; bud-scales ovate or rounded, deciduous. Prostrate, rising only 1-3 dm. over ground; leaves not very shining. 2. O. Aquifolium. Erect, 3-15 dm. high; leaves very shining. 3. O. yiutkanus. Leaflets 13-17; bud-scales large, lanceolate, coriaceous, persistent. 4. O. nervosus. Family 50. PAPAVERACEAE Juss. Poppy Family. Hypantliiura not developed; calyx not calyptrate; pod not elongate, 3-20-carpellary. Ovary many-lobod, in fruit breaking up into many follicles, which at maturity break oil into i-seeded joints; leaves opposite. 1. Platystemon. Ovary of two to many completely united and not separating carpels; leaves alternate. Capsule opening by valves, at least at the summit. Unarmed herbs; sepals neither horned nor hooded. Petals in age thin, scarious-persistent ; leaves basal, entire. 2. Arctomecon. Petals not scarious-persistent; stem leafy; leaves pinnately divided or lobed. 3. Chelidonium. Prickly-leaved leafy-stemmed herbs; sepals hooded or horned; petals deciduous. 4. Argemone. Capsule opening by dentiform lids under the stigma. 5. Papaver. Hypanthium more or less developed; calyx calyptrate, i. e., the two sepals whoUy united into a funnelform body, hfted off by the expanding petals; capsule elongate, 2-valved usually from the base to the apex. 6. Eschscholtzia. 1. PLATYSTEMON Benth. Cream-cups. l. P. calif omicus. 2. ARCTOMECON Torr. & Frem. l. A. humilis. 3. CHELIDONIUM (Tourn.) L. Celandine. l. C. majus. 4. ARGEMONE L. Prickly Poppy, Thistle Poppy. Corolla yellow; leaves with light blotches. 1. A. mexicana. Corolla wliite; leaves not blotched. Prickles of the fruit not squarrose. Stem unarmed, prickly, or bristly, but not hispidulous. Leaves acutely lobed; horns of the sepals glabrous. 2. A. intermedia. Leaves round-lobed; horns of the sepals bristly. 3. A. rotundato. Stem hispidulous-pubescent as well as densely prickly. 4. A. hispida. Prickles of the fruit'strong, recurved-spreading, squarrose. 5. A. squarrosa. 5. PAPAVER (Tourn.) L. Poppy. Leaves densely hirsute; lobes lanceolate or oblong. 1. P. radicatum. Leaves glabrous or with a few bristles; lobes rounded. 2. P. pygmaeum. 6. ESCHSCHOLTZIA Cham. California Poppy. Petals S-25 mm. long, broadly cuneate; stem scapiform; stamens many. Seeds superficially reticulate; lobes of the leaves oblong or linear, 1-2 mm. wide. 1. E. mexicana. Seeds deeply pitted; lobes of the leaves linear-flUform, about 0.5 mm. wide. 2. E. glyptosperma. Petals 3-6 mm. long, obovate; stem usually more or less leafy; stamens few. 3. E. minuscula. Family 51. FUMARIACEAE. Fumitory Family. Both of the outer petals spurred at the base. 1 . Bicuculla . One of the outer petals spurred . Ovules several or many; fruit an elongated capsule. 2. Capnoides. Ovules solitary; fruit an indehiscent nut. 3. Fumaria. 1. BICUCULLA Adans. Dutchman's Breeches, Bleeding Heart. Flowers racemose; spur elongate, oblong, divergent. 1. B. occidentalis Flowers solitary; spur very short and rounded. 2. B. uniflora. 2. CAPNOIDES Adans. Corydalis. Annuals or biennials. Plants low, ascending or diffuse; corolla yellow. Pod glabrous. Bracts narrowly lanceolate; pod pendulous, torulose. 1. C. aureum. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, ovate, or obovate; pod erect, not torulose. 2. C. monlanum. Pod covered with translucent vesicles. 3. C. crystallinum. Plants erect, tall, usually 3-6 dm. high; corolla rose or purplish, with purple tips. 4. C. sempervirens. 96 FUMARIACEAE Perennials with thickened roots; corolla white or tinged with purple. Bracts spatulate or oblanceolate, about 1 cm. long; dorsal crest of the hood narrow. Sepals reniform, laciniate. 5. C. Cusickii. Sepals narrowly hastate, with large toothed basal lobes. 6. C. hastatum. Bracts linear; dorsal crests of the hood obsolete. Corolla 2 cm. long; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, their auricles subentire; pod lance-obovoid. 7. C. Brandegei. Corolla 1..5 cm. long; sepals ovate, acute, their auricles toothed; pod broadly obovoid. 8. C. brachycarpum. 3. FUMARIA (Tourn.) L. Fumitory. l. F. officinalis. Family 52. BRASSICACEAE. :\Iustard Family. I. Pod sessile, or short-stipitate (in no. 48-5,3); sepals erect, ascending, or connivent in anthesis (except m 32, 33 and 53) ; anthers not twisted (e.xcept in no. 48 and 50- 53). A. Pod compressed or flattened contrary to the narrow partition. Pod not didymous; plants not densely stellate, except in Smelowskya. Pod orbicular, oval, oblong or cuneate, strongly flattened; plant not stellate. Pod 1-celled, winged all aroiuid. 1. Isatis. Pod 2-celled, not winged all around. Cells of the pod 1-seeded. Pods ovate-cordate, acute at the apex, neither winged nor retuse. 2. C.\RD.U?IA. Pods orbicular, elliptic or rarely ovate, retuse or notched at the apex, usually winged above. 3. Lepidium. Cells of the pods 2-seeded. Pods more or less winged; cotyledons accumbent; hairs of the plant simple or none. 4. Thlaspi. Pods wingless; cotyledons incumbent. Pods cmieate; plants with branched hairs. 5. Bursa. Pods eUiptic; plants glabrous or minutely stellate. 6. HUTCHIXSIA. Pod ovate or lanceolate, not strongly flattened; plant stellate. 7. Smelowskya. Pod more or less didymous; plants stellate. Seeds solitary in each cell; pods strongly flattened. 8. Dithyrea. Seeds several in each cell; pods more or less inflated. 9. Physari.\. B. Pod neither compressed nor flattened contrary to the partition. I. Anthers not sagittate at the base, not twisted. a. Pod terete or tetragonal. t Pod short, scarcely more than twice as long as broad. Cotyledons accumbent; valves of the pods nerveless. Pubescence stellate or canescent with branched hairs; seeds flat. Petals white, 2-cleft. 35. Berteroa. Petals yellow or tinged with red, not 2-cleft. 10. Lesquerella. Pubescence not stellate; seeds terete. Petals white; stout perennials with a thick taproot. 14. Armoracia. Petals yellow or ochroleucous, rarely white; annuals, or perennials with rootstocks. 15. Radicul.\. Cotyledons incumbent or folded transversely; valves of the pod 1- nerved; pubescence if any not densely stellate. Submerged water plants, with subulate leaves; pods subglobose or eUiptical. 11. Subul.\rl\. Land plants with ample leaves. Capsule obovoid, dehiscent, many-seeded. 12. C.^meltxa. Capsule globose, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. 13. Nesija. 1t Pod long, several times as long as broad. * Pod scarcely beaked, merely tipped by a short style or a sessile stigma. X Pod terete or nearly so. Pubescence of simple hairs. Seeds in two rows in each cell of the pod. Seeds globose or oblong, turgid; valves of the pod nerve- less; cotyledons accumbent. Petals with a median nectary, usually yellow. 15. Radicula. Petals without nectary, wliite. 16. Sisy^mbrium. Seeds flattened; valves of the pod l-nerved: cotyledons partly incumbent. 17. TURRITIS. Seeds in 1 row in each cell of the pod. Pod subulate, tapering from the base to the apex. 18. Ery.simum. Pod cylindric or tapering both ways. Perennials with creeping rootstocks. 46. Schoexocrambe. Annuals, or perennials with taproots. ML'STARD FAMILY 97 Septum of the pod nerved, with longitudinal reticulations. 19. Norta. Septum of the pod nerveless, with transverse reticulations. 20. Br ATA. Pubescence of forked hairs. Flowers pedicelled, yellow to straw-colored, rarely white: leaves pinnatifld or lobed. 21. Sophia. Flowers sessUe, rose or white; leaves toothed or entire. 22. Malcolmia. tt Pod 4-angled. Stem-leaves clasping by a cordate base. 23. Conrixgia. Stem-leaves not clasping. Corolla white. 24. Arabidopsis. Corolla yellow or purplish. Seed.s plump; leaf-blades entire or toothed. Hairs of the stem and leaves appressed, 2-branched, attached near the middle; partition of the pod not cross-veined. 25. Cheirixia. Hairs of the stem and leaves spreading, branched, attached at the end; partition of the pod cross- reticulate. 26. HE3PERIS. Seeds flat; leaf-blades pinnatifld. 27. Campe. ** Pod with a long distinct beak. Pods indehiscent, constricted between the seeds, which are separ- ated from each other by false, spongy, transverse partitions. 28. Raph.\xus. Pods opening by valves, without transverse partitions. Beak flat and sword-like, 4-angled, or two-edged, contiguous with an internode, containing 1 seed. Valves of the pod with 3 strong nerves. 29. SiXAPls. Valves of the pod with 1 strong nerve. 30. Eruca. Beak elongated-conic, seedless. 31. Brassica. b. Pod flattened parallelly to the broad partition. Fruit orbicular, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent; sepals somewhat spreading. Fruit not winged; pubescence of branched hairs, those of the fruit uncinate. 32. Athysaxus. Fruit winged, usually marked with fenestrations or sinuations on the margin ; pubescence of simple hairs. 33. Thysaxocarpus. Fruit 2-celled, 2-several-seeded, dehiscent (in some species of Draba tardily so) ; sepals erect. Pod orbicular. Valves convex; filaments dilated and toothed near the base; plants stellate, leafy. Pod suborbicular, with flat margins; petals entire or nearly so. 34. Alyssum. Pod oblong, slightly if at all compressed; petals notched. 35. Berteroa. Valves flat; filaments not toothed; plant scapose, with simple hairs. 36. IDAHOA. Pod oblong, ovate or linear, rarely nearly orbicular; valves flat, or if convex not with flattened margins; filaments unappendaged. Valves nerveless. Valves elastically dehiscent; seeds in one row; pod long. Stem naked below, 2-3-leaved; cotyledons thick, very un- equal. 37. DEXT.'VEIA. Stem leafy; cotyledons flat, equal. 38. Caedamixe. Valves not elastically deliiscent; seeds in two rows; pod usually short. 39. Draba. Valves nerved and reticulate, not elastically dehiscent. Anthers not subsagittate at the base. Pod short, from orbicular to linear-oblong. 39. Draba. Pod elongated-linear. Cotyledons accumbent. 40. Arabis. Cotyledons incumbent. 23. CONKINGIA. Anthers subsagittate at the base. Stigma 2-lobed; seeds margined; cotyledons strictly accum- bent. 41. Parrta. Stigma entire, capitate; seeds marginless; cotyledons obliquely accumbent. 42. Phaexicaulis. 2. Anthers sagittate at the base. Calyx urn-shaped, closed; blades of the petals narrow, undulate-crisp. Cotyledons accumbent; stem not succulent; flowers small. 43. Cartiera. Cotyledons incumbent; stem more or less succulent; flowers comparatively large. 44. Caulanthus. Calyx campanulate, open; petals ample. Pod flat; anthers neither curved nor twisted. Stigma 2-lobed. Lobes of the stigma over the placentae; perennials. 41. Parry A. Lobes of the stigmas over the valves ; annuals . 45 . Strept axtella . 98 BRASSICACEAE Stigma entire, capitate: seeds marginless. Cotyledons obliquely accunibent; low perennials, with pink or purplish flowers. 42. Phaenocaulis. Coti'ledons incumbent; tall leafy plants, with greenish flowers. 46. Chlorocr.\mbe. Pod terete or tetragonal; anthers curved or twisted (except in Schoeno- crambe). Sepals unequal, the lower longer; hairs, at least some of them, stellate or branched. 49. Heterothrix. Sepals equal or nearly so; hairs simple or none. Sepals erect or ascending in anthesis. Stigma distinctly lobed, its lobes expanded over the septum. Plants with creeping rootstocks. 47. ScHOEXOCRAMBE. Plants with taproots. 48. Thelypodiopsis. Stigma entire or, if distinctly lobed, the lobes expanded over the valves. Stigma conical; outer sepals gibbous at the base. 50. Hesperidanthus. Stigma truncate; sepals scarcely gibbous at the base. Septum of the pod without a distinct midrib. 51. Thelypodium. Septum of the pod with a strong midrib. 52. Pleurophragma . Sepals strongly spreading or reflexed in anthesis, soon deciduous. 53. St,ani,eyella. II. Pod terete, long-stipitate; sepals spreading or reflexed in anthesis; anthers curved and spirally twisted. 54. Stanleta. 1. ISATIS L. Woad. 1. I. tinctoria. 2. CARDARIA Desv. • l. C. Draba. 3. LEPIDIUM L. Peppergrass, Canary-grass, Bird-seed. Style evident, at least equalling the wing-margins. Introduced annuals or biennials. Upper leaves entire, perfohately clasping. 1. L. perfoliatum. Leaves all pinnatifld, none clasping. 2. L. sativum. Native perennials. ^ Pods 2-4 mm. wide. Xone of the leaves pinnatifld. Basal leaves oblanceolate, entire-margined, thick; stamens 2. 3. L. integrifolium. Basal leaves more or less toothed, tliinner; stamens 6. Basal leaves truncate and 3-toothed at the apex. 4. L. Vaseyanum. Basal leaves oblanceolate, acute at the apex, serrate-crenate. 5. L. crenatum. Basal leaves at least pinnatifld. Segments of the basal leaves short, obovate or oblanceolate in outhne; petals obovate. Styles 2-3 times as long as the wing-margms; racemes in age more or less elongate. Styles about 3 times as long as the wing-margins ; leaves coriaceous; segments entire or merely round-toothed, obtusish; plant glabrous; stem few-leaved. 6. L. scopulorum. Styles about 2 times as long as the wing-margins; leaves not cori- aceous; segments usually cleft or deeply toothed, acute. Upper stem-leaves hnear, entire; plant glabrous or the upper part of the stem shghtly puberulent. 7. L. Crandallii . Leaves usually all pinnatifld; stem puberulent throughout. Stem glaiidular-puberulent ; pod oval or ovate, narrowed towards the apex. 8. L. montanu?n. Stem densely papillose-puberulent; pod orbicular. 9. L. papilliferum. Styles slightly exceeding the wing-margins; racemes numerous, short; plant puberulent. 10. L. brachybptryutn. Segments of the basal leaves elongate, linear, oblong, or lanceolate. Only the lower leaves pinnatifld; pod broadly oval; style scarcely longer than the width of the wing-margins; petals orbicular. 11. L. alyssoidcs. Stem leaves except the uppermost also pinnatifld; pod narrower, acutish at both ends ; style about twice as long as the width of the wing- margins: petals obovate to elliptic. Plant low, 3 dm. high or less; leaves or their lobes narrowly linear. 12. L. Jonesii. Plant tall, 4-10 dm. high; upper leaves broadly linear or oblong. 13. L. Eastwood iae. Pods 6-8 mm. wide. 14. L. Fremontii. Style obsolete, or at least shorter than the width of the wing-margins; annuals or bi- ennials. Wing-margins of the fruit not produced at the apex into distinct lobes or teeth. Pods glabrous or rarely minutely puberulent when young. Petals conspicuous, at least equalling the sepals, spatulate or obovate. MUSTARD FAMILY 99 Style distinct, but short; blades of the petals broadly obovate, much ex- ceeding the sepals. 15. L. idahoense. Style none; blades of the petals spatula te. Pubescence, if any, of cylindrical or subulate hairs: petals well exceed- ing the sepals, at least in the earlier flowers. Stem glabrous or nearly so. Cotyledons accumbent; petals broadly spatulate. 16. L. virginicum. Cotyledons incumbent; petals narrowly spatulate or oblance- olate. i, 17. L. texanum. Stem densely pubescent. 18. L. hirsutum. Pubescence of the stem of short, clavate hairs; petals about equalling the sepals. Stem low, 1-3 dm. high, branched below; primary basal leaves oblanceolate, serrate. 19. L. rarnosum. Stem taller, 4-6 dm. high, simple below, branched above; primary basal leaves pinnatifld. 20. L. simile. Petals none or minute, scarcely more than half as long as the sepals, linear or linear-spatulate. Plants branched near the base; petals usually present (except in L. diver- gens) . Racemes usually numerous, on short branches from the axils of the upper leaves; pods broadest below the middle; wing-margins narrow. Axillary racemes very short and dense, usually shorter than the leaves; petals more than half as long as the sepals. 21. L. ramosissimum. Axillary racemes at last elongate; petals very minute or lackmg. 22. L. divergens. Racemes elongate, terminal; pods broadest above the middle; wing- margins fully 0.5 mm. wide at the apex. 23. L. elojigatum. Plant simple below, branched above; petals none; racemes elongate, terminal. 24. L. densiflorum. Pods hirsute, at least on the margins. Stem-leaves hnear, mostly entire. 25. L. pubecarpum. Stem-leaves spatulate, toothed or lactniate. 26. L. Georginum. Wing-margins of the fruit produced at the apex into acute lobes or teeth. Stem erect, 3-5 dm. high. 27. L. Flelcheri. Stem decumbent, 3-15 cm. high. Pod obovate or eUiptic; stamens 2; leaves linear or linear-spatulate. 28. L. Bourgeauanum . Pod ovate; stamens 4; basal leaves often pinnatifld. 29. L. dictyotum. 4. THLASPI (Tourn.) L. Penny Cress, Penny-grass. Wild Sweet Alyssum. Pods orbicular in outline, broadly wing-margined and deeply notched at the apex ; sepals green; annuals. 1. T. arvense. Pods obovate or oblanceolate-cuneate in outUne, with narrow margins, acute, truncate or slightly notched at the apex; sepals with white or rarely purpUsh margins; perennials. Petals 2.5-3 mm. long; pod oblanceolate-cuneate, 2-2.5 mm. wide. 2. T. parviflorum. Petals 4-7 mm. long; pods cuneate or obovate-cuneate, 3 mm. or more wide. Pods acutish at the apex, neither emarginate nor retuse 3. T. calif ornicum . Pods rounded or truncate at the apex, emarginate or retuse. Pods rounded at the apex; sinus narrow. Caudex rather slender; stem 1-2 dm. high; petals spatulate, about 5 mm. long. 4. T. Nuttallii. Caudex stout, densely cespitose; stem less than 1 dm. high; petals broadly obovate, 6-7 mm. long. 5. T. coloradense. Pods truncate or nearly so at the apex; sinus very broad and open. Stem 2-3 dm. high; stem-leaves ample, broader than the basal ones; sepals green, with wWte margins. 6. T. glancum. Stem 1 dm. or less; stem-leaves reduced; sepals and often also petals purphsh. 7. T. purpurascens. 5. BURSA Weber. Shepherd's Purse. i. B. Bursa-pastoris. 6. HUTCHINSIA R. Br. l. H. pwcumbens. 7. SMELOWSKIA C. A. Meyer. Basal leaves merely lobed, cuneate to oblanceolate in outline; pod 5-6 mm. long, tapering towards the base. 1. S. lobata. Leaves all deeply pinnatifld. Pod ovate, 4-5 mm. long, obtuse at the base; calyces and pedicels densely villous; leaves white-villous. 2. S. ovalis. Pod lanceolate or oblanceolate, 7-12 mm. long, tapering at each end. Segments of the basal leaves spatulate or oblong. 3. S. americana. Segments of the basal leaves hnear or hnear-oblong. 4. S. lineariloba. 8. DITHYREA Harv. l. D. Wislizeni. 100 BRASSICACEAE 9. PHYSARIA A. Gray. Double Bladder-pod. Cells of the pods much inflated, the upper sinus acute, narrow. Pods deeply cordate at the base; lower sinus almost as deep as the upper. Pubescence short and close. 1. P. didymocarpa. Pubescence long and loose. 2. P. lanata. Pods not cordate at the base or slightly so; lower sinus none or very shallow. Cells of the pods 5-10 mm. in diameter, without ridges on the sides. Some of the basal leaves more or less fiddle-shaped. Leaves of the decumbent flowering stems reduced; terminal lobe of the basal leaves rounded or reniform, very obtuse, entire. 3. P. vitulifera. Leaves of the ascending flowering stems ample; terminal lobes of the basal leaves rhombic or ovate, acute or sometime obtuse, sinuate. 4. P. floribunda. None of the basal leaves flddle-shaped. Basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, acute, 2-4 cm. long; pods slightly cordate at the base. 5. P. acutifolia. Basal leaves rounded-obovate, 4-10 cm. long; pod acutish at the base. 6. P. brassicoides. Cells of the pods 10-18 mm. in diameter when fully developed, ridged on the sides. 7. P. Newberriji. Cells of the pods not much inflated, the upper sinus shallow, open. 8. P. Geyeri. 10. LESQUERELLA S. Wats. Bladder-pod. Ovary and pod stellate-pubescent. Pod ovoid or ellipsoid. Pod distinctly compressed and acute at the apex. Pod 6-8 mm. long; plant usually more than 1 dm. high. Basal leaves broadly oval; septum of the pod elliptic in outline; style equalUng the pod. 1. I-. Shearis. Basal leaves oblanceolate to obovate; septum of the pod ovate in outline; style much shorter than the pod. 2. L. cunipes. Pod 3-5 mm. long; plant usually 1 dm. or less high. Basal leaves linear-oblanceolate or linear. Pod strongly compressed above. Leaves narrowly Unear-oblanceolate ; plant pulvinate. 3. L. alpina. Leaves narrowly linear; plant multicipitous, with a subterranean woody caude.x. 4. L. parvula. Pods slightly compressed. 5. L. intermedia. Basal leaves spatulate; pod not strongly compressed above. Plant denselypulvinate, 2-5 cm. high; leaves 2 cm. long or less; pedicels erect or nearly so. 6. L. condensata. Plant cespitose, 5-10 cm. high; leaves about 2 cm. long or more; basal leaves oblanceolate-spatulate; pedicels spreading, S-curved. 7. L. spatulata. Pod not compressed above. Basal leaf-blades roimded or broadly spatulate. Stem-leaves small, generally less than 1 cm. long, linear-oblanceolate. Basal leaf- blades obovate-spatulate; style shorter than the pod. 8. L. prostrata. Basal leaf-blades rhombic-ovate; style longer than the very acute pod. 9. L. Wardii. Stem-leaves oblanceolate or obovate, 1-2 cm. long. 10. L. montana. Basal leaf-blades linear-oblanceolate; stem-leaves narrowly so. 11. L. arenosa. Pod globose. Plant perennial. Pod 2-3 mm. in diameter. Basal leaf-blades spatulate or oblanceolate. Stem very slender; stem-leaves oblanceolate, 1-3 cm. long. Plant 5 cm. or less high; pod less than 2 mm. broad; petals purple. 12. L. rosea. Plant usually more than 5 cm. high; pod 2-3 mm. broad; petals yellow . Pedicels ascending. 13. L. versicolor. Pedicels in fruit recurved. 11. L. arenosa. Stem stouter, strict ; stem-leaves linear, 2-6 cm. long. 14. L. ludoviciana. Basal leaf-blades broadly oval, ovate, or elliptic. Basal leaves repand-dentate; sterais stout; raceme loose; pedicels re- curved. 15. L. Macounii. Basal leaves entire; stem slender; racemes congested; pedicels upcurved. 16. L. utahensis. Pod 5-6 ram. in diameter; stem-leaves broadly spatulate. 17. L. macrocarpa. Plant annual. 18. L. Gordoni. Ovary and pod glabrous, globose. Plant annual. 18. L. Gordoni. Plant perennial. Basal leaf-blades oblanceolate; stem-leaves narrowly so. Plants usually more than 3 dm. high; flowers and fruit corymbose. 19. L. Engelmanni. MUSTARD FAMILY 101 Plant usually less thaa 3 dm. high; inflorescence at least in fruit elongate, racemose. 20. L. stenophylla. Bisal leaf-blades broadly oval. 21. L. ovalifolia. 11. SUBULARIA L. l. S. aquatica. 12. CAMELINA Crantz. False Flax. stem glabrous. 1. C. sativa. Stem pubescent. 2. C. microcarpa. 13. NESLIA Desv. l. N. paniculata. 14. ARMORACIA Gaertn. Horse-radish. l. A. Arni'^racia. 15. RADICULA Hill. Yellow Water-cress, Marsh-cress. Perennials with rootstocks; petals much exceeding the sepals. Pods papillose. Pods ovate; leaves coarsely toothed. 1. B. calycina. Pods lance-oblong or linear, mostly curved; leaves pinnatifld. Leaves tliin; petals wliite; fruit recurved. 2. R. trachycarpa. Leaves tliick; petals yellow; fruit erect. 3. R. Columbiae. Pods not papillose. 4. R. sinuata. Annuals or biennials. Pods thickened towards the apex and truncate, curved, longer than the pedicels. 5. R. clavata. Pods not thickened towards the apex, acute or obtuse. Pods spherical to oblong-eUipsoid, in the latter case shorter than the pedicels. Pedicels 4-10 mm. long. Pods 5-8 mm. long, 2-3 mm. thick; stem sparingly hirsute. 6. R. pacifica. Pods 3-5 mm. long (rarely 6-7 mm. in R. palustris), 1.5-2 mm. thick. Stem more or less hirsute. 7. R. hispida. Stem glabrous. Stem tall, 3-8 dm. high; stigma prominent, 2-lobed. 8. R. terrestris. Stem low, divaricately branched, 1-3 dm. high; stigma scarcely tliicker than the style. 9. R. alpina. Pedicels 2-5 mm. long, pod globose. 10. R. sphaerocarpa. Pods oblong to linear-cylindrical, equalling or longer than the short pedicels. Style about 1 mm. long. Leaves nearly ail pinnatifld, with obtuse divisions. 11. R. obtusa. Leaves mostly sinuate, or if pinnatifld, with acute divisions. Pods short-ellipsoid, straight on straight pedicels. 10. R. sphaerocarpa. Pods elongate-ovoid, curved, on curved pedicels. 12. jB. curvipes. Style minute, 0.5 mm. long or less. Pods 1.5 mm. thick or less, distinctly pedicelled; seeds tuberculate. Petals about 2 mm. long or more; pod.^ linear, 1 mm. or less thick, strongly curved. Leaves divided to near the midrib, their segments obtuse. 13. R. curvisiliqua. Leaves merely cleft, with acute segments. 14. R. Nuttallii. Petals rarely more than 1 mm. long; pods usually slightly tapering upwards, about 1.5 mm. thick, straight or slightly curved. Leaves pinnatifld. Low, slender, less than 2 dm. high ; leaves not auricled at the base. 15. R. lyrata. Taller and stouter, over 2 dm. high; petioles of the stem-leaves auricled at the base. 16. R. UnderiLoodii. Leaves entire or merely sinuate. 17. R. integra. Pods fuUj- 2 mm. tliick, almost sessile; seeds pitted. IS. R. sessiliflora. 16. SISYMBRIUM (Tourn.) L. Water-cress. l. 5. Nasturtium-aquaticum. 17. TURRITIS L. Tower Mustard. l. r. glabra. 18. ERYSIMUM L. Hedge Mustard. l. E. officinale. 19. NORTA Aclans. Tumble Mustard. l. N. altissima. 20. BRAYA Sternb. & Hoppe. l. B. purpurascens 21. SOPHIA Adans. Tansy Mustard. Leaves all pinnately dissected; pod not twisted. Pedicels ascending or spreading. Pods linear, 1 mm. wide, somewhat curved; seeds tiniserial. Stem simple or with erect-ascending branches; pods 8-25 mm. long. Pods 15-25 mm. long; leaves mostly thrice pinnatifld. 102 BRASSICACEAE Inflorescence elongate; pods nearly erect; pedicels about 1 cm. long. 1. S. Sophia. Inflorescence short; pods spreading; pedicels about 0.5 mm. long. 2. S. sophioides. Pods 8-15 mm. long; leaves once or twice pinnatifld. Stem glabrous, or sparingly stellate or glandular puberulent. Leaf-segments all narrow, linear or oblong, or those of the lower leaves broad and obtuse, more or less grayish stellate. Stem grayish stellate, not at all glandular; leaf-segments all narrow. 3. S. gracilis. Stem very sparingly stellate, often glandular-puberulent ; seg- ments of the lower leaves broad, very obtuse. 4. S. californica. Leaf-segments all broad, lanceolate or ovate, tliin and bright green. Pods divergent ; primary segments of the uppermost leaves often entire. 5. S. leptophylla. Pods ascending; primary segments of the leaves all sharply cut- lobed. 6. S. incisa. Stem densely glandular-pubescent. 7. S. viscosa. Stem diffusely branched; pods 5-8 mm. long. 8. S. purpurascens. Pods more or less clavate, 5-12 mm. long, 1-2 mm. wide; seeds u.sually more or less biserial. * Pods 8-12 mm. long, mostly erect on spreading pedicels. Leaves and stem green, only sparingly stellate. Stem divaricately branched; branches making with the stem an angle of 45 degrees or more; pedicels 7-10 mm. long, usually shorter than the pod. 9. S ramosa. Stem simple or with almost erect or strongly ascending branches. Petals much exceeding the sepals. Terminal segments of the upper leaves usually elongate, linear, entire; segments all narrow. 10. S. filipes. Terminal segments not greatly elongate; segments of the lower leaves obovate. 11. S. magna. Petals not much exceedmg the sepals; segments narrow; terminal segments of the upper leaves not elongate. 12. S. intermedia. Leaves and stem cinereous-stellate. Petals longer than the sepals, about 2 mm. long; upper leaves mostly once pinnate, with elongate, broad terminal segments. 13. S. andrenarum. Petals not longer than the sepals, about 1.5 mm. long; upper leaves usually more dissected; terminal segment narrow, not elongate. 14. S. haliciorum. Pods 5-8 mm. long. Pods acute above, acuminate below; style obsolete. Pods ascending or spreading. 15. S. pinnata. Pods erect; leaves sparingly stellate. 16. S. Nelsonii. Pods acuminate at both ends; style evident. 17. S. leplostylis. Pedicels erect. Pods over 1 mm. thick. Plant green and almost glabrous. 18. S. procera. Plant cinereous-pubescent. 19. S. Hartvegiana. Pods about 0.75 mm. tliick; plant glandular-puberulent, especially the inflores- cence, or glabrous. 20. S. glandulifera. Lower leaves merely coarsely toothed or lobed; pod twisted. 21. S. perplexa. 22. MALCOLMIA R. Br. l. M. africana. 23. CONRINGIA (Heist.) Link. Hare's-e.a.r. l. C. orientalis. 24. ARABIDOPSIS (DC.) Schur. :Mouse-ear Cress. Stem-leaves not auriculate-clasping or sagittate at the base. Annual. 1. A. Thaliana. Perennial. 2. A. Richardsonii. Stem-leaves auriculate-clasping or sagittate at the base. Pubescent biennials or perennials. Pod 2 mm. thick; style obsolete. 3. A. virgata. Pod 1 mm. tliick; style 0.5 mm. long. 4. A. stcnocarpa. Glabrous annual. 5. A. glauca. 25. CHEIRINIA Link. Wild Wall-flower, Prairie-rocket, Yellow Phlox. Petals less than 1 cm. long. Petals 4-5 mm. long. 1. C. cheiranthoides Petals 6-10 mm. long. Perennials or biennials; pods ascending. 2. C. inconspicua. Annuals; pods spreading. 3. C. repanda. Petals more than 1 cm. long. Petals light yellow. Biennials or short-lived perennials, not cespitose. MUSTARD FAMILY 103 Pods almost terete, slightly compressed, tapering into a style more than 2 mm. long. 4. C. arida. Pods 4-angled; style only slightly narrower, very short. Basal leaves, as well as whole plant, grayish-strigose, not silvery. Pods widely spreading, 4-8 cm. long, stout; stem-leaves usually sinuate- dentate. 5. C. aspera. Pods strongly ascending or almost erect, 8-12 cm. long (except in C. brachycarpa). Stem-leaves usually sinuately dentate. 6. C. elata. Stem-leaves entire or rarely denticulate. Stem-leaves linear or nearly so; pod usually twisted, slender. 7. C. asperruna. Stem-leaves oblanceolate ; pod straight, stout. Pod about 8 cm. long, 1.5 mm. thick. 8. C. oblanccolata. Pod 4-6 cm. long, 2.5 mm. thick. 9. C. brachycarpa. Basal leaves, at least, silvery white; stem-leaves narrowly linear. Plant 2-3 dm. high; stern-leaves sinuate-dentate. 10. C. Bakeri. Plant 1-2 dm. high; stem-leaves entire. 11. C. argillosa. Low cespitose perennials. Leaves entire-margined or minutely denticulate. 12. C. nivalis. Leaves sinuate-dentate. 13. C. radicata. Petals varying from orange to brown or purple. Plant simple, 3-5 dm. high; basal leaves 5-10 cm. long, oblanceolate. 14. C. Wheeleri. Plant cespitose, 1-2 dm. high; basal leaves 2-4 cm. long, spatulate. Perennial with a branched caudex; stem usually more than 1 dm. high. 15. C. amoena. Biennial; stem in flower a few cm. high, more elongate in fruit, leafy only at the base. 16. C. Pallasii. 26. HESPERIS (Toum.) L. Dame's Rocket, Dame's Violet. 1. H. matronalis. 27. CAMPE Dulac. Winter Cress, Scurvy Grass. Pod obtusely angled; leaves with 1—4 pairs of divisions. Divisions of the basal leaves 1-2 small pairs; pod slender, ascending. 1. C. americana. Divisions of the basal leaves 3-4 pairs; pod stouter, erect and appressed. 2. C. stricta. Pod sharply 4-angled; leaves with 4-8 pairs of divisions. 3. C. verna. 28. RAPHANUS L. Radish. l. R. sativus. 29. SINAPIS L. Mustard, Charlock. Beak sword-.shaped, constituting more than half the length of the pod. 1. S. alba. Beak somewhat 4-angled, but flattened and 2-edged, constitucing about one-third the length of the pod. 2. S. arvensis. 30. ERUCA (Toiirn.) Mill. Garden Rocket. i. E. Eruca. 31. BRASSICA L. Cabbage, Rape, Turnip, Black Mustard. None of the leaves clasping. Pod slender, 4-angled, erect, appressed to the stem. 1. B. nigra. Pod ascending, terete, but with a strong midvein. 2. B. juncea. Upper stem-leaves clasping. Leaves glaucous, all glabrous except the very earUest ones; petals cream-colored, long-clawed. 3. B. campestris. Leaves not glaucous, the basal ones distinctly hairy; petals bright yeUow, short- clawed. 4. B. Rapa. 32. ATHYSANUS Greene. l. A. pusillus. 33. THYSANOCARPUS Hook. Pods pubascent; plant glabrous and glaucous. 1. T. trichocarpus. Pods glabrous. Plant more or less hirsute; pod entire-margined, fenestrate, or with thin round areas. 2. T . elegans. Plant glabrous ; pod toothed, rarely with fenestrations or thin areas. 3. T. amplectens. 34. ALYSSUM L. Alyssum, Sweet Alyssum. l. A. alyssoides. 35. BERTEROA DC. Hoary Alyssum. l. B. incana. 36. IDAHOA Nels. & Macb. Flat-pod. l. I. platysperma. 37. DENTARIA L. Toothwort, Milk Maids. l. D. rupicola. 104 BRASSICACEAE 38. CARDAMINE L. Bitter Cress. Leaves all entire. Plant dwarf, less than 1 dm. high, with a slender rootstock; leaf-blades oval, usually entire-margined. 1. C. bellidifolia. Plant more than 1 dm. high; blades at least of the stem-leaves siauately toothed. Plant 1—1 dm. high; upper leaves subsessile. 2. C. Douglasii. Plant 3-6 dm. high; all leaves petioled. Flowers about 1 cm. long; leaves not tliick. Plant glabrous or nearly so. 3. C. cordi folia. Stem densely pilose; leaves also hairy. 4. C. infaustn. Flowers about 0.5 cm. long; leaves thickish, sinuately round-lobed. 5. C. Leibergii. Some of the leaves at least pinnate. Petals .5-12 mm. long. Petals 8-12 mm. long; leaflets 3, rhombie, 3-lobed or sinuately 3-toothed. 6. C. angulata. Petals about 5 mm. long; leaflets 1-9, the terminal one much larger, cordate, ovate, or reniform, sinuately toothed. Beak of the fruit about 2.5 mm. long. 7. C. vallicola. Beak of the fruit about 1 mm. long. Only a few of the leaves pmnate. 5. C. Leibergii. Most of the leaves pinnately 3-7-foliolate. 8. C. Breweri. Petals 2-4 mm. long. Leaflets of the stem-leaves usually only 3. 9. C. unijuga. Leaflets of the stem-leaves 5-11. Leaves glabrous; seeds small, more than 12 in each pod. Beak of the pod less than 1 mm. long. Stem few-leaved; petals 3-4 mm. long; racemes contracted, corymbi- form, shorter than the subtending leaves. 10. C. umbellata. Stem very leafy; petals 2-3 mm. long; raceme elongate. Leaves thin; leaflets usually broad; stem glabrous or nearly so. 11. C. pennsylvanica. Leaves thick; leaflets of the upper leaves narrow, linear or oblong; stem densely hairy below. 12. C. multifolia. Beak of the pod more than 1 mm. long. 13. C. acuminata. Leaves with scattered hairs; seeds large, 6-12 in each pod. 14. C. oligosperma . 39. DRABA L. Whitlow Grass, Draba. Winter annuals. Style slender, 12 mm. long; fllaraents dilated. 1. D. asprella. Style obsolete. Pods hairy. Leaves all crowded on the lower part of the stem; flowers wliite; racemes short, on long naked pedimcles. Pods linear, appressed-hirsute; leaves entire. Inflorescence even in fruit corymbiform; petals minute or none. 2. D. micrantha. Inflorescence in fruit elongate; petals conspicuous. 3. D. coloradensis. Pods oblong or elliptic, with spreading branched pubescence, often stellate; leaves usually toothed. 4. D. cunei folia. Leaves more or less scattered on the stem; flowers yellow or in age sometimes wliite. Basal leaves obovate, ovate, or oblong; stem-leaves ample; pedicels longer than the pods. 5. D. ncmorosa. Ba.sal leaves oblanceolate to oblong; stem-leaves smaller, oblong-lanceolate; peditels shorter than the pods. Pedicels divergent; leaves hirsute. 6. D. montana. Pedicels ascending; leaves stellate, not hirsute. 7. D. praealta. Pods glabrous. Pedicels in fruit refle.xed; petals white. 8. D.deflexa. Pedicels ascending or spreading; petals yellow (e.xcept in No. 12). Stem more or less leafy. Pods 2-4 mm. long; stem-leaves thick. 9. D. brachycarpa. Pods 6-8 mm. long; leaves thin. Basal leaves obovate; stem-leaves several, broad; liedicels twice as long as the pod. 10. D. Intra. Basal leaves oblanceolate; stem-leaves very few and small; pedicels slightly, if at all, longer than the pod. 11. Z>. nitida. Stem scapiform or with a single leaf; leaves ui a basal rosette. Basal leaves spatulate; pods more than 1 cm. long. Basal leaves broadly spatulate, finely stellate; petals white. 12. D. Macouniana. Basal leaves spatulate, but not broadly so, liirsute as well as stellate ; petals yellow. (Depauperate forms of) 11. D. nitida. Basal leaves oblanceolate to Unear, hirsute or glabrate; pods 5-8 mm. long. . Basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, liirsute. 13. D. crassifoha. Ba.sal leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate, glabrous, except the very sparingly ciliate margins. 14. D. Farryi. MUSTARD FAMILY 105 Perennials; style usually evident. Plants scapose or nearly so. « Pod 16-20 mm. long and 7-8 mm. wide. 15. D. eurycarpa. Pod less than 12 mm. long and 5 mm. wide. Petals yellow. Pods about twice as long as broad, 5-12 mm. long. Pods glabrous or nearly so. Leaves not stellate, glabrous, except the ciliate margin. (Depauperate variety of) 41. D. strepiocarpa. Leaves more or less stellate over the whole surface. Leaves broadly spatulate, long-ciUate, especially on the margin; midrib weak. 16." D. alpina. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, scarcely ciliate; midrib strong. 17. D. glacialis. Pods pubescent. Leaves obovate, densely and finely white-stellate; midrib indistinct. 18. D. argyrea. Leaves spatulate or linear-oblong, sparingly stellate, with a strong midrib. Plant cespitose, but not densely pulvinate; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, rather finely stellate, spreading, not densely imbricate. 19. D. incerta. Plant densely pulvinate; leaves linear-oblong, villous-hispid as well as stellate, densely imbricate. 20. D. densifolia. Pods only slightly longer than broad. Leaves stellate or with branched hairs. Pod ovate or elliptic, compressed. Pods densely stellate, about 5 mm. long, fully 4 mm. wide; midrib of the leaves indistinct. Leaves densely and closely stellate, thick. 21. D. rentrosa. Leaves sparingly long-hairy or glabrate above. 22. D. sobolifera. Pods sparingly puberulent or glabrous, not more than 3 mm. wide, .3-5 mm. long. Leaves oblong to hnear; midvein strong. Plants not densely pulvinate; leaves Linear or linear-ob- lanceolate, 5-10 mm. long. 23. D. oligosperma. Plant densely pulvinate; leaves oblong or Unear-oblong, less than 5 mm. long, densely imbricate. 24. D. andina. Leaves obovate, thick; midvein indistinct. 25. D. uncinalis. Pod globose. 26. D. sphaerocarpa. Leaves glabrous except the imbranched ciliations on the margins. Leaves densely imbricate, short. Pod pubescent ; midvein of the leaves obsolete. 27. D. sphacrula. Pod glabrous; midvein of the leaves prominent. 28. D. pectinata. Leaves not densely imbricate; pod pubescent, 3-6 mm. long. „ 29. D. Nelsonii. Petals wlute. Leaves finely stellate. Leaves Unear or linear-oblanceolate. Midrib of the leaves strong; pods 4-5 mm. long. 23. D. oligosperma. Midribs of the leaves not strong; pods 6-8 mm. long. 30. D. lapponica. Leaves broadly spatulate or obovate. Pod oblong to Unear, 6-12 mm. long. Pods 6-8 mm. long, not twisted. 31. D. nivalis. Pods 10-15 mm. long, more or less twisted. 32. D. lonchocarpa. Pods broadly obovate, 3—4 mm. long. 25. D. uncinalis. Leaves liirsute-ciliate on the margins, oblanceolate. Style obsolete. 33. D. fladnizensis. ^, Style about 1 mm. long. 34. D. oreibata. Plant leafy -stemmed. Petals white. Petals about 3 mm. long; pods 5-8 mm. long. Plant 1-2 dm. liigh, densely grayish-stellate; pods longer than the pedicels. 35. D. cana. Plants about 3 dm. high, greener; pods shorter than the pedicels. „ , , 36. D. McCallae. Petals about 2 mm. long; pods more than 1 cm. long. 37. D. columbiana. Petals yellow. Plants glabrous, except the margins of the leaves, which are occasionally cili- ate. / Leaves linear or narrowly linear-oblanceolate, thin. Leaves much shorter than the flowering stem; pods lance-linear. ^ , 38. D. chrysantha. Leaves almost equalling the flowering stem; pods ovate. 39. ID. graminea. 106 BRASSICACEAE Leaves spatulate or broadly oblanceolate, thick. 40. D. crassa. » Plant decidedly hairy. Pubescence long-hirsute, with simple or slightly branched hairs. 41. D. streptocarpa. Pubescence short, mostly of stellate or branched hairs. Styles 1.5-2 mm. long; pods glabrous or slightly puberulent. Pod not twisted; pubescence rather sparse or minute; stem-leaves usually sharply toothed. Stem more or less hirsute. 42. D. spectabilis. Stem minutely appressed-stellate. 43. D. oxyloba. Pod twisted; pubescence dense and grayish; stem-leaves entire- margined or minutely denticulate. 44. D. Helleriana. Style 1 mm. long; pods densely pubescent. Stem erect or nearly so. Leaves tliin, the basal ones usually over 2 cm. long, the cauline ovate to lanceolate. Petals 5 mm. or more long. Petals pale yellow; stem-leaves often dentate. 45. D. luteola. Petals bright yellow; stem-leaves entii-e-margined. 46. D. surculifera. Petals 3—4 mm. long, pale yellow; stem-leaves entire-mar- gined. 47. D. aureiformis. Leaves thick, the basal ones oblanceolate, 1-2 cm. long, the cauhne lanceolate or oblong. 48. D. aurea. Stem decumbent. Leaves finely stellate; pods twisted. 49. D. decumbens. Leaves coarsely hairy, with branched hairs; pods not twisted. 50. D. brachystylis. 40. ARABIS L. Rock Cress, Wild Candytuft. Basal leaves Ij-rately lobed; perennials. I. Lyr.it.ve. Basal leaves entire-margined or toothed. Pods erect or nearly so. Leaves coarsely hirsute. Stem-leaves neither cordate nor auricled at the base. II. Furcatae. Stem-leaves cordate or auricled at the base; biennials. III. HiRSUTAE. Leaves not coarsely hirsute; perennials. Pubescence, if any, sparse and consisting of 2-forked or rarely 3-forked hairs. IV. Drltvemondlvj^ae. Pubescence of at least the lower leaves decidedly stellate. V. MlCROPHYLL.\E. Pods spreading or reflexed. Pods and caly.x stellate. VI. Pulchr.\e. Pods not stellate. Pods 3-4 mm. wide. VII. Suffrutescentes . Pods 1-2.5 mm. wide. Pods spreadmg or somewhat recurved on spreading pedicels. Pods only 1-1.5 mm, wide. VIII. Macounianae. Pods 1.5-2.5 mm. wide. Perennials, with a caudex. Plant tall, 3 dm. or more high, suffruticose at the base. IX. Perenn antes. Plant low, 1-2 dm. high, cespitose. X. Reconditae. Stout biennials or short-lived perennials, 3 dm. liigh or more. XI. Arcu.vtae. Pods and pedicels reflexed. XII. Retrofractae I. Lyr.\tae. Pods about 0.75 mm. wide; style more than 0.5 mm. long. 1. A. lyrata. Pods fully 1 mm. wide; style almost obsolete. 2. A. ambigua. II. Furc.\t.\e. Seeds not winged; leaves hairy; pods 1 mm. wide or less. 3. A. Nuttallii. Seeds winged at the lower end; leaves merely ciliate on the margins; pods 1.5-2 mm. wide. 4. A. furcata. III. Hirsut,\e. All sepals narrowly oblong; two of them with slightly saccate bases; petals 3-5 mm. long, yellowish white, less than twice as long as the sepals. 5. A. orata. Two of the sepals wath strongly saccate bases, almost twice as broad as the others; petals 6-10 mm. long, pure white, fully twice as long as the sepals. 6. A. rupestris. IV. Drummondianae. Stems 3 dm. high or more, solitary or 2 or 3 from the same root. Pods about 1.5 mm. wide. 7. A. Drummondit. Pods about 3 mm. broad. 8. A. connexa. Stems less than 3 dm. high, several from a cespitose caudex. Pods strictly erect, blunt. 9. A. alherUna. Pods rather ascending, acute. 10. A. Lyalln. MUSTARD FAMILY 107 V. MICROPHYLLAE. Stems more than 3 dm. liigh; basal leaves 3-10 cm. long. 11. A. oblanceolata . Stems usually less than 3 dm. high, from a branched caudex; basal leaves 1-2 cm. long. Plant green; petals 7-8 mm. long; pods fully 2 mm. wide; stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate. 12. A. oreophila. Plant grayish; petals about 5 mm. long; pods 0.75-1.5 mm. wide; stem-leaves oblong or linear, the lower oblanceolate. Flowers few; pods more than 1 mm. wide; seeds somewhat 2-ranked; stem hirsute- ciliate below or glabrous. 13. A. microphylla. Flowers many; pods less than 1 mm. wide; seeds strictly in one row; stem finely stellate. 14. A. Crandallii. VI. PtJL,CHR.\E. Seeds distinctly in two rows; stem-leaves not auricled. Petals purple, 8-10 mm. long. 15. A. pulchra. Petals white, 10-12 mm. long. 16. A. formosa. Seeds in one row; stem-leaves more or less auricled; petals 5-8 mm. long. Leaves usually coarsely toothed; petals pink, 6-8 mm. long. 17. A. suhpinnalifida. Leaves entire; petals white, 5-6 mm. long. 18. A. MacDougalii. VII. SUFFRUTESCENTES. Stems suffrutescent at the base; pods reflexed. 19. A. suffrutescens. Stems not suffruticose ; pods spreading. 20. A. drepanoloba. VIII. Macoijnian.\^e. Petals about 4 mm. long; pod 3-4 cm. long; basal leaves 1-2 cm. long. 21. A. Macounii. Petals about 8 mm. long; pod 4-6 cm. long; basal leaves 4-6 cm. long. 22. A. arcoidea. IX. PERENN ANTES. One species. 23. A. perennans. X. Reconditae. Leaves finely stellate. Leaves thick, canescent; stems simple. Pod about 1.5 mm. wide, acute. 24. A. Lemmonii. Pod about 2 mm. wide, obtuse. 25. A. Egglestonii. Leaves thm, green; stem branched. 26. A. recondita. Leaves more coarsely hairy, with branched hairs or merely cUiate on the margins. Leaves densely hairy. 27. A. setulosa. Leaves sparingly hairy or merely ciliate. Plant green, not glaucous; pods 3 cm. long; seeds in one row but irregularly so. Leaves firm, ciliate or somewhat hairy. 28. A. rugncarpa. Leaves thin, almost perfectly glabrous. 29. A. oxylobula. Plant glaucous or bluish-green; pods 4-5 cm. long; seeds in two rows. 30. ^. spatifolia. XI. Arctjatae. Pedicels and calyx long-cfiiate. 31. A. perelegans. Pedicels glabrous or merely stellate. Calyx more or less stellate; petals 8 mm. long. Stem 3-6 dm. high; basal leaves 2-4 cm. long, entire. 33. A. Bourgovii. Stem 5-10 dm. high; basal leaves 5-10 cm. long, denticulate. 34. A. Selbyi. Calyx glabrous or nearly so. Leaves decidedl.v stellate; plants biennial. Pods straight or slightly curved upwards, ascending-spreading. 32. A. brachycarpa. Pods more or less arcuate and somewhat drooping. Pods 8-10 cm. long; petals 8-10 mm. long. 35. A. Stokesiae. Pods 4-6 cm. long; petals 5-8 mm. long. Stem-leaves narrowly IgiUceolate. Petals 8-10 mm. long, purple. 36. A. divaricarpa. Petals about 5 mm. long, white or pinkish. 37. A. densicaulis. Stem-leaves ovate, or oblong. 38. A. fructicosa. Leaves coarsely stellate-hirsute; plants perennial. Stem-leaves conspicuously sagittate at the base; sepals linear-oblong. 39. ^. gracilenta. Stem-leaves with inconspicuous auricles at the base; sepals broadly elhptic. Basal leaves sparingly hirsute; stem-leaves lanceolate, 1.5-3 crn. long. 40. ^. Fendleri. Basal leaves densely hairy; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1-1.5 cm. long. 27. A. setulosa. XII. Retrofractae. Stem-leaves decidedly sagittate at the base. Plants not densely cospitose; stem mostly solitary (except in A. lignifera); biennials. Pedicels of the fruit merely recurved. Leaves dentate. 41. A. consanguinea. Leaves entire. Seeds in one row; pod 3-4 cm. long; sepals stellate. 42. A. lignifera. Seeds in two rows; pod less than 3 cm. long; sepals glabrous. 43. A. brevisiliqua . 108 BRASSICACEAE Pedicels in fruit strictly reflexed. Seeds in one row; pods 4-7 cm. long. Petals 6-10 mm. long; stem-leaves usually ample. Racemes not secimd. 44. A. rhodantha. Racemes secund. 45. A. retrofracta. Petals about 5 mm. long; stem-leaves narrow, serrulate. 46. A. lignipes. Seeds in two rows; pod 1.5-3.5 cm. long. 47. A. caduca. Plant densely cespitose; basal leaves linear-oblanceolate; perennials. 48. A. canescens. Stem-leaves scarcely sagittate at the base. Plant 3 dm. liigh or more, sparingly stellate; flowers numerous. 49. A. exilis. Plant 1-2 dm. high, densely stellate below; flowers few. 50. A. pendulocarpa. 41. PARRYA R. Br. 42. PHOENOCAULIS Xutt. Pod linear-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. wide; seed-coat not cellular. Pod lanceolate. 7-10 mm. wide; seed-coat cellular. 1. P. platycarpa. 1. P. cheiranthoides . 2. P. Huddelliana. 1. C. cor data. 1. C. crassicaulis. 2. C. glaber. 3. C. procerus. 4. C. pilosus. 1. S. longirostris. 1. C. hastatus. 43. CARTIERA Greene. 44. CAULANTHUS S. Wats. Wild Cabb.\ge. Stem glabrous; upper leaves reduced. Stem inflated. Calyx densely villous. Calyx as well as the whole plant glabrous. Stem not inflated. Stem hirsute, leafy. 45. STREPTANTHELLA Rydb. 46. CHLOROCRAMBE Rydb. 47. SCHOENOCRAMBE Greene. Plant tall, 3-6 dm. liigh, glabrous. Leaves all linear, entire. Plant decumbent, slender; pods ascending, more or less arcuate; style about 1 mm. long. 1. 5. decumbens. Plant erect, stouter; pods erect or nearly so, straight; style obsolete. 0.5 mm. or less long. 2. S. linifolia. Some of the leaves pinnatifld. 3. S. pinnata. Plant low, 1-2 dm. liigh, pubescent; leaves pinnatifld. 4. S. pygmaea. 48. THELYPODIOPSIS Rydb. Stipe very short, less than 1 mm. long or almost none; petals white or tinged with purple. Style 2 mm. or nearlj so. Pod 7-9 cm. long. 1. T. elegans. Pod about 4 cm. long. 2. T. Bakeri. Style less than 1 mm. long; pod 5-7 cm. long. 3. T. wyomingensis. Stipe 2-5 mm. long; petals and sepals yellow. 4. T. aurea 49. HETEROTHRIX (B. L. Robins.) Rydb. l. H. micrantha. 50. HESPERIDANTHUS (B. L. Robins.) Rydb. l. H. linearifolium. 51. THELYPODIUM Endl. Upper leaf-blades auriculate at the base. Pods 3-5 cm. long. Petals 6-9 mm. long, about twice as long as the sepals. Pods 2-3 cm. long; basal leaves oblanceolate or spatulate. Petals 5-6 mm. long; blades spatulate; pedicels nearly erect. 1. r. Palmeri. Petals 7-9 mm. long; blades obovate; pedicels spreading or ascending. 2. T. sagittatinn. Pods 1-2 cm. long; basal leaves oval. 3. T. ovalifolium. Petals 10-15 mm. long, about three times as long as the sepals. Pods 4-5 cm. long, 1 mm. wide. 4. T. macropetalum. Pods about 3 cm. long, nearly 2 mm. wide. 5. T. Nuttallii. Pods 5-10 cm. long, arcuate, spreading or ascending. Stem stout; lower leaves coarsely sinuate-dentate; petals obovate, more than 2 mm. wide. 6. T. ambiguuni. Stem slender; lower leaves entire or slightly sinuate; petals narrowly spatulate, barely 2 mm. broad. 7. T. eucosmum. Upper leaf-blades attenuate at the base; leaves mostly laciniate. Petals narrowly linear-oblanceolate. MUSTARD FAMILY 109 Pods divergent: raceme lax. 8. T. leptosepalum. Pods erect; raceme dense. 9. T. milleflorum. Petals spatulate; pods reflexed; raceme lax. 10. T. utahense. 52. PLEUROPHRAGMA Rydb. Pedicels not flattened, about 1 cm. long. Stipe 0.5-1 mm. long; inflorescence short. 1. P. integrifoHum. Stipe 2-3 mm. long; inflorescence elongate. 2. P. gracilipes. Pedicels flattened at the base, about 3 mm. long; stipe 1-2 mm. long. 3. P. platypodum. 53. STANLEYELLA Rydb. l. S. Wrightii. 54. STANLEYA Nutt. Prince's Plume. Middle cauline leaves sessile by an auriculate base. Stem winged; petals greenish. 1. S. viridiflora. Stem not winged; petals yellow. 2. S. confertiflora. Middle cauline leaves petioled or sessile with a narrowed base. Plant wliite- villous. 3. S. tornentosa. Plant not wliite-villous. Blades of the petals linear-oblong to elliptic, bright yellow. Blades of the petals one-third to two-tliirds as long as the claws. Pod arcuate, not tortuose. Leaves sparingly hirsute. Filaments hairy; lower leaves pinnatifld, with lanceolate or oblong lobes. 4. S. pinnata. Filaments glabrous; lower leaves runcinate, with triangular lobes. 5. S. runcinata. Leaves glabrous. 7. S. glauca. Pod decidedly tortuose. 6. S. bipinnata. Blades of the petals as long as the claws. Leaves glabrous. Leaves broadly lanceolate, the lower with short broad lobes; blades of the petals oblong; pod ascending. 8. S. integrifolia. Leaves linear-lanceolate, usually all entire ; blades of the petals broadly elUptic; pod recurved. 9. S. arcuata. Leaves finely puberulent. 10. S. canescens. Blades of the petals rounded-oval, ochroleucous. 11. S. albescens. F.\MiLY 53. C APP ARID ACE AE. C.\per Family. Pods elongate, linear; receptacle with an appendage or gland. Appendages tubular; petals cuneate-flabelliform, laciniate, very unequal. 1. Cristatell,\ . Appendages solid; petals entire, emarginate or 3-toothed, but not laciniate. Stamens 12-32; capsule sessile or short-stipitate. 2. J.\cksoni.\. Stamens 6; capsule long-stipitate. 3. Peritom.\. Pods short; receptacle without appendages. Pod oblong, flattened parallelly to the replum. 4. Celome. Pod broader than long, more or less flattened contrary to the replum. 5. Cleomell.\. 1. CRISTATELLA Nutt. l. C. Jamesii. 2. JACKSONIA Raf. Clammy-weed. l. J. trachyspemm. 3. PERITOMA DC. Bee Flower, Indian Pink, Stink Flower. Petals yellow. 1. P. luteum. Petals purple, pink, or white. Petals 8-12 mm. long, usually 3-toothed. Stamens exserted. Pods 2.5-5 cm. long, broadly linear ; calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate, longer than broad. 2. P. serrulatum. Pods 6-7 cm. long, narrowly linear; calyx-lobes broadly triangular, abruptly acuminate, broader than long. 3. P. anguslum. Stamens included. 4. P. inornatum. Petals about 4 mm. long, entire. ,5. P. Sonorae. 4. CELOME Greene. l. C. platycarpa. 5. CLEOMELLA DC. stipe longer than the pod; leaflets linear to oblong. Seeds rugose or tessellate; leaflets Unear; pod rhombic. Petals 3-5 mm. long; pod about 6 mm. wide; seed transversely rugose. 1. C. angustifolia. Petals 2-3 mm. long; pod 3-4 mm. wide; seed tessellate. 2. C. plocosperma. Seeds smooth and unmarked. Pod broadly rhombic; leaflets oblong or oblanceolate. Stem 2-3 dm. high; pod with sharp angles. 3. C. cornuta. 110 CA PPARIDACEAE stem less than 1 dm. high; pod with rounded angles. 4. C. nana. Pod ovate; leaflets Unear. 5. C. oocarpa. Stipe shorter than the pod; leaflets oval or broadly oblong. 6. C. Palmerana. Family 54. DROSERACEAE. Sundew Family. 1. DROSERA L. Sundew. Leaf-blades suborbicular or broader than long. 1. D. rotundifoUa. Leaf-blades elongate. Leaf-blades spatulate or oblanceolate ; seeds smooth. 2. D. longifolia. Leaf-blades linear or linear-oblanceolate ; seeds muricate. 3. D. linearis. Family 55. CRASSULACEAE. Stone-crop Family. stamens twice as many as the sepals. Flowers axillary, arranged in elongate racemes or spikes; petals rose-colored, distinct. 1. Clementsia. Flowers terminal, in cymes or one-side racemes. Petals more or less united, erect; corolla tubular. 2. Gormania. Petals distinct. Flowers polygamous or dioecious; carpels erect; petals in ours purplish. 3. Rhodiola. Flowers perfect; carpels spreading; petals in oxirs yellow. 4. Sedutvi. Stamens as many as the sepals; minute annual mud or water plants. 5. Tillaeastrim. 1. CL EMENTSIA Rose. Red Orpine. l. C. rhodantha. 2. GORMANIA Britton. l. G. debilis. 3. RHODIOLA L. Rose-root, Rose-wort. Petals acute; follicles 3-5 mm. long, the beak 0.5 mm. long, divergent or recurved; dioecious. 1. B. inlegri folia. Petals abruptly acuminate; foUicles 6-8 mm. long; the beak 1 mm. long, ascending; polygamo-d'ioecious. 2. R. polygama. 4. SEDUM L. Stone-crop, Orpine. Leaves linear, linear-oblanceolate, or oblong, terete or nearly so. 1. S. stenopetalum . Leaves lanceolate to oblong or spatulate, more or less flattened. Leaves of the flowering stems lanceolate, broadest at the base. 2. S. Douglasii. Leaves spatulate or obovate, narrow at the base. 3. S. Leibergii. 5. TILLAEASTRUM Britton. l. T. aquaticum. Family 56. PARNASSIACEAE. Grass of Parnassus Family. 1. PARNASSIA. Grass of Parnassus. Petals fimbriate on the sides, at least below; free portions of the staminodia very short and stout; leaf-blades reniform or cordate, usually broader than long. Petals obovate, 5-nerved; staminodial scales with 5-9 lobes; sepals elliptic. 1. P. fimbriata. Petals oblong, 3-nerved; staminodial scales with 3-5 lobes; sepals narrowly lanceolate. 2. P. rivularis. Petals entire, not fimbriate; free portion of the staminodia long. Petals 5-9-veined, usually exceeding the sepals; capsule less than twice as long as the sepals; bract some distance from the base. Staminodia 7-15 in each fascicle; basal leaf-blades cordate or rounded at the base. Petals nearly twice as long as the sepals; hypanthium inconspicuous; stamin- odia usually 9-15 in each fa.scicle. 3. P. paluslris. Petals only shghtly exceeding the sepals; hypantliium conspicuous, obconic, fully half as long as the .sepals and nearly as broad as high; staminodia 7-9"in each fascicle. 4. P. montanensis. Staminodia 5-7 in each fascicle; basal leaf-blades acute at the base. 5. P. parviflora. Petals 3-veined, tliin, scarcely equalling the sepals; capsule twice as long as the sepals; bract none or near the base. 6. P. Kotzebuei. Family 57. SAXIFRAGACEAE. Saxifrage Family. Placentae parietal, sometimes nearly basal. P'lowers solitary and axillary to leaf-like bracts, or 2-4 in small corymbs, each sub- tended by a leaf-like bract ; sepals 4 ; petals wanting. 1 . Chrysosplenium. I'lowers in more or less elongate racemes or panicles. Ciynoecium of 2 or 3 equal or essentially equal carpels. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 111 Flower-stalk axial, from a slender bulbiferous rootstock; gynoecium 3-carpel- lary. 2. Lithophragma. Flower-stalk a lateral sboot from a stout scaly rootstock; gynoecium 2-carpel- lary. Inflorescence racemose. Petals pinnately cleft or pinnatifld. Hypanthium deeply campanulate or urn-shaped, deeper than the length of the sepals; capsule tapering into a beak. 3. Tellima. Hypanthium saucer-shaped or open campanulate, shallower than the length of the sepals ; capsules abruptly beaked or beakless. Ovary more than half superior; disk inconspicuous; stigmas entire, terminating distmct styles. Stamens 10; placentae almost basal, bearing few ovules. 4. MiTELLA. Stamens 5; placentae parietal, bearing many ovules. 5. MITELLASTRA. Ovary wholly inferior, covered with the prominent disk; stigmas sessile, 2-lobed; stamens 5. 6. Pectlantia. Petals entire, toothed or 3-cleft above; stamens 5. Hypanthium campanulate during anthesis; ovary half inferior. 7. OZOMELIS. Hypanthium turbinate during anthesis; ovarv almost wholly in- ferior. 8. CONIMITELLA. Inflorescence paniculate; stamens 5; petals broadened upward. 9. Heuchera. Gynoecium of 2 very unequal carpels. 10. Tiaeella. Placentae axial. Hypantluum well-developed, and accrescent, at maturity longer than the sepals. Stamens 5. Plants with short bulblet-bearing rootstocks; flower-stalk axial. Ovary half inferior; blade of the basal leaf ternately divided; stamens borne on the outer edge of a thickened disk. 11. Hemieva. Ovary two-thirds inferior or more; blade of the basal leaf merely crenate; disk obsolete. 12. Suksdorfia. Plants with horizontal rootstocks; flower-stalk a lateral shoot. Sepals imbricate; petals marcescent; seeds winged. 13. Suli.ivantia. Sepals valvate; petals deciduous; seeds wingless. 14. Therofon. Stamens 10. Petals clawed; styles partially united; plants with thick rootstocks. 15. Telesonix. Petals clawless; styles distinct; plants with slender rootstocks, often with off- sets. Plants without caudices, producing only annual flowering stems. 16. Saxifraga. Plants with perennial very leafy caudices, often with offsets, the flowering stems very different from the caudices. Leaves of the caudex with lobed blades, the margins poreless. 17. Muscaria. Leaves of the caudex with serrate blades, each tooth with an encrusted pore. 18. Chondrosea. Hypanthium only sUghtly developed, unchanged at maturity, or if slightly accres- cent, then flat and plants acaulescent. Leaves alternate, sometimes all basal. Plants acaulescent. Corolla essentially regular, the petals about equal in shape and length. 19. Micranthes. Corolla irregular, except sometimes that of the terminal flower, 3 of the petals with blades of an ovate or lanceolate type and 2 of them narrower and longer. 20. Spatulabia. Plants caulescent. Leaves without stipules. Carpels distinct; leaf-blades toothed. 21. Leptarrhena. Carpels partially united; leaf-blades entire or rarelv with 3 apical tooth- like lobes. 22. Leptasea. Leaves with reniform or orbicular, shallowly lobed blades and wing-like stipules at the base of the petioles. 23. Heterisia. Leaves opposite, except sometimes on the flower-stalks. 24. Antiphylla. 1. CHRYSOSPLENIUM (Tourn.) L. Golden Saxifrage, Water Carpet. Leaves all alternate; flowers clustered near the ends of the stems; stamens 4. 1. C. tetrandrum. Lower leaves opposite; flowers solitary in the leaf-axils; stamens mostly 8. 2. C. americanum . 2. LITHOPHRAGMA Nutt. Star-flower, Prairie Star. Woodland Star. Hypanthium campanulate or hemispheric, mostly rounded at the base, adnata only to the base of the ovary. 112 S.\XIFRAGACEAE stem-leaves seldom bulbiferous in the axils; stipules long and narrow, the free portion triangular or lanceolate, not fimbriate. HjTJantliium with the sepals 2-3 mm. long; petals about 2 mm. long. Pedicels short, in fruit not exceeding the capsule in length; seeds smooth. 1. L. tenella. Pedicels in fruit much longer than the capsule; seeds muriculate. 2. L. glabra. Hypanthium with the sepals 3^ mm. long; petals 3-5 mm. long. 3. L. australis. Stem-leaves usually bulbiferous in their axils; stipules short and broad, the free portion rounded and fimbriate. 4. L. bulbifera. Hypanthium deeply obconic, adnate to the lower half of the ovary. 5. L. parviflora. 3. TELLIMA R. Br. l. T. grandiflora. 4. MITELLA (Tourn.) L. Miterwort, Bishop's Cap. i. M. nuda. 5. MITELLASTRA (T. & G.) Howell. i. M. caulescent. 6. PECTIANTHIA Raf. stamens opposite to the petals. 1. P. penlandra. Stamens opposite to the sepals. 2. P. Bn-weri. 7. OZOMELIS Raf. Mitrewort. Midvein of the sepals branched; side-veins simple; petals cuneate or oblanceolate, with lanceolate lobes or entire. Petals cimeate, about twice as long as the sepals, 3-fid with subequal divisions. 1. O. triflda. Petals oblanceolate, slightly exceeding the sepals, entire or slightly and unequally toothed. 2. O. liolacea. Midveins of the sepals simple; lateral veins branched; petals filiform or 3-fid, with filiform divisions, 1-neved. Petals 3-fid to the middle; hjTianthium with the sepals 4-5 mm. long. 3. O. stauropetala. Petals entire or 3-fid only at the apex; hj-panthium with the sepals 1.5-3 mm. long. Hypanthium with sepals 2-3 mm. long; leaf-blades indistinctly lobed and with shallow crenulations; petals often entire. 4. O. stenopelala. Hj-panthium with the sepals 1.5-2 mm. long; leaf-blades distinctly lobed and deeply crenate; petals 3-cleft. 5. O. Parryi. 8. CONIMITELLA Rydb. l. C. IVilliamsii. 9. HEUCHERA L. Alum-root, Kalispell. Stamens equalling or exceeding the sepals. Panicle open, not spike-like. Hypantliium turbinate, about as broad as long; stamens at least twice as long as the sepals. 1. H. glabra. Hypantliium deeply campanulate or urceolate, about twice as long as broad; stamens sUghtly exceeding the sepals. Hypantliium strongly oblique. Hj-pantliium with the sepals more than 1 cm. long; petioles glabrous or sparingly short-hairy. 2. H. Richardsonii. Hypanthium with the sepals less than 1 cm. long; petioles long-liispid. 3. H. hispida. Hypanthium not strongly oblique. 4. //. rubescens. Panicle contracted, dense, spike-like. 5. H. bracteata. Stamens shorter than the sepals. Hypanthium short-campanulate to saucer-shaped, together with the sepals 3-5 mm. long. Petioles more or less hirsute. 6. H. novomeiicana. Petioles glabrous or puberulent. Hypanthium campanulate, yellowish or pinkish; sepals almost erect. Leaf-blades deeply lobed; lobes again lobed and toothed; petals narrowly oblanceolate, nearly twice as long as the sepals. 7. H. gracilis. Leaf-blades merely once 5-7-lobed and toothed; petals spatulate, from equalUng to half longer than the sepals. Base of the leaf-blades with an open sinus, or almost cuneate; plant 1-3 dm. high. 8. H. Hallii. Base of the leaf-blades with a narrow sinus; plant 3-5 dm. high. 9. H. grossulariifolia. Hypantliium saucer-shaped; sepals spreading. Hj-panthium with the sepals 4 mm. high, yellowish; blades of the petals rhombic. 10. H. flai-escens. Hypantliium with the sepals 2-3 mm. high, greenish; petals oblanceolate or spatulate. Leaf-blades with shallow lobes. Sinus of the leaf-blades closed, the basal lobes often overlapping; petals not exceeding the sepals. 11. H. utahensis. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 113 Sinus of the leaf-blades open; petals exceeding the sepals. 12. H. parvifolia. Leaf-blades cleft at least one-half to the base. 13. H. flabellifolia. Hypanthium deeply campanulate or urceolate, with the sepals 5-10 mm. long. Flowering branches and petioles pubescent. Flowers greenish: leaf-blades reniform or rounded, deeply cordate at the base lobes and teeth rounded; petioles long-hairy. 14. H. chlorantha. Flowers yellowish; leif-blades b.-oadly oval to orbicular, truncate or slightly cordate at the base. Leaf-blades thick, densely glandular-pubescent, 1.5-4 cm. wide, rarely cordate at the base. 15. H. ovalifolia. Leaf-blades tliin, glabrous, or hairy only on the veins, 3-6 cm. wide, cordate at the base. 16. H. cylindrica. Flowering branches and petioles glabrous or finely puberulent. Flowers yellowish; leaf-blades rounded-oval to orbicular, trimcate or sUghtly cordate at the base, only the earliest reniform. 17. H. glabella. Flowers greenish; leaf-blades thin, reniform or rarely rounded, with deeply cordate base. 18. H. tenuifolia. 10. TIARELLA L. r.\LSE Miterwort. l. T. unifoliata. 11. HEMIEVA Raf. l. H. ranunculi folia. 12. SUKSDORFIA A. Gray. l. S. violacea. 13. SULLIVANTIA T. & G. l. S. Hapcmanii. 14. THEROPHON Raf. l. T. ma jus. 15. TELESONIX Raf. Petals twice as long as the sepals; blades almost orbicular; beaks of the pistils united almost to the top. 1. T. Jamesii. Petals equalling or slightly exceeding the sepals; blades obovate-spatulate ; beaks of the pistils united halfway up. 2. T. heucheriformis. 16. SAXIFRAGA (Tourn.) L. Saxifrage. Flowers normal, none of them represented by clusters of bulblets. Petals not abruptly narrowed into claws; leaf-blades thick, the lower ones mainly 3-lobed. 1- S. rivularis. Petals abruptly narrowed into claws; leaf-blades thin, the lower ones 5-7-lobed. 2. S. debilis. Flowers below the terminal one replaced by clusters of bulblets. Lobes of the stem-leaves linear to triangular-lanceolate; petals cuneate. 3. S. cernua. Lobes of the stem-leaves broad and rounded, as broad as long or broader ; petals fiddle- shaped. 4. S. simulata. 17. MUSCARIA Haw. Saxifrage. Leaves of the caudex with entire or slightly 3-toothed blades. 1. M. adscendens. Leaves of the caudex with 3-cleft or prominently 3-lobed blades. Petals less than 2 mm. long. 2. M. micropetala. Petals over 2 mm. long. Petals 2.5-3.5 mm. long. 3. M. delicatula. Petals 4.5-7 mm. long. Sepals oblong-lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate; hypanthium turbinate during anthesis. 4. M. mnnticola. Sepals broadly ovate to half-orbicular; hypanthium campanulate during an- thesis. 5. M. caespitosa. 18. CHONDROSEA Haw. l. C. Aizoon. 19. MICRANTHES Haw. Saxifrage. Filaments subulate or filiform-subulate, or sometimes narrowly linear. Cymules wholly or mainly aggregate into a head or spike, 1 or 2 lower ones some- times remote or pedmicled. Petals shorter than the sepals or about equalling them. Lower cymules sessile; petals about equalling the sepals. 1. M. Rydbergii. Lower cymules peduncled; petals shorter than the sepals. Petals obovate to oval or orbicular-oval. 2. M. crenatifolia. Petals oblong to cuneate. 3. M. columbiana. Petals larger than the sepals. Sepals ovate to triangular. 4. M. rhomboidea. Sepals oval, rounded at the apex. 5. M. auslrina. Cymules in narrow pyramidal panicles. Corolla present. Petals white. Leaves with blades narrowed into petiole-like bases. 6. M. Greenei. Leaves without petiole-hke bases. 114 SAXIFRAGACEAE Panicle wide ; peduncles of the lower cymules elongate. Petals with claw-Uke bases. 7. M. arnoglossa. Petals without claw-like bases. 8. M. oregana. Panicle narrow; peduncles permanently very short. 9. M. brachypus. Petals greenish. 10. M. montanensis. Corolla wanting or obsolete. 11. A/, subapetala. Filaments clavate or spatulate. Leaf-blades flabellate. 12. M. Lyallii. Leaf-blades ovate, oval, broadly oblong, or orbicular. Leaf-blades narrowed at the base, neither cordate nor of an orbicular type. Cymules permanently compact. 13. M. occidentalis. Cymules lax and open. 14. M. saximontana. Leaf-blades orbicular or nearly so. Petals with elUptic-oblong or ovate blades, the claws stout. 15. M. aeslivalis. Petals with suborbicular or reniform blades, the claws slender. 16. ^f. arguta. 20. SPATULARIA Haw. Saxifrage. Inflorescence with bulblets. Plants with all the flowers represented by clusters of bulblets, or with a single flower terminating the main axis. 1. S. Vreelandii. Plants with many flowers and some bulblets, at least with a flower terminating each branch of the stem. 2. S. Brunoniana. Inflorescence without bulblets. 3. S. ferruginea. 21. LEPTARRHENIA R. Br. l. L. pyrolifolia. 23. LEPTASEA Haw. Ykllow Saxifrage, Spotted Saxifrage. Leaf-blades not spine-tipped at the apex, more or less ciliate. Petals suborbicular or oval, 5.5-7 mm. long, each abruptly narrowed into a short claw: plant less than 6 cm. high. 1. L. chrysantha. Petals elliptic to oblong, 9-13 mm. long, clawless; plant more than 6 cm. high. 2. L. Hirculus. Leaf-blades spine-tipped ac the apex. Petals oblong, oblong-lanceolate, oval, or elliptic; plants without runneis. Leaf-blades entire, ^vith a single spine at the apex. Leaf-blades not ciUate, fleshy; flower-stalks bearing larger leaves than the caudices. 3. L. Van-Bruntiae. Leaf-blades ciliate, parchment-like; flower-stalks bearing smaller leaves than the caudices. 4. L. auslromontana. Leaf-blades 3-toothed at the apex, the teeth spine-tipped. 5. L. tricuspidata. Petals broadlj- obovate; plants with runners producing an offset at the end. 6. L. flagillaris. 23. HETERISIA Raf. l. H. Mcrtensiana. 24. ANTIPHYLLA Haw. Purple or ^Mountain S.\xifrage. 1. .A. opposilifolia. Family 5S. HYDRANGEACEAE. Hydraxgea Family. Caosule obovoid or obconic, the beaks lising abruptly from the body. 1. Philadelphus. Capsule conic or ovoid, the beaks tapering gradually from the body. Filaments and anthers unappendaged: sepals and petals 5. Leaf-blades toothed; hypanthium short dming anthesis. 2. EnwiNiA. Leaf-blades entire: hypantliium long during anthesis. 3. Fexdlerell.\. Filaments appendaged under the anthers; anthers appendaged at the top: sepals and petals 4. 4. Fexdlera. 1. PHILADELPHUS L. Mock Orange, Syringa. Leaf-blades tliin, not leathery, usually toothed or dentictilate, more than 3 cm. long; flowers several. Petals ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse at the apex. 1. P. Helleri Petals oblong to rounded-oval; rounded at the apex. Leaf-blades 3-5-ribbed, the lateral ribs or if 5-ribbed the second or stronger pair meeting the midrib some distance from the base of the blade. Bark of the second season red or chestnut-brown, with conspicuous cross- cracks, at last peeling off. 2. P. Lewisii. Bark of the second season gray or yellowish, neither cross-cracked nor peeling off. 3. P. columbianus. Leaf-blades 5-ribbed, all ribs originating at the base of the blade. 4. P. Gordonianus. Leaf-blades small, 0.5-2 cm. long, entire; flowers mostly solitary. Hypanthium 4-5 mm. high. 5. P. inicrophyllus. Hypantliium about 2 mm. high, or in fruit 3-4 mm. high. Styles wholly united or nearly so; stigmas sometimes also partly united. 6. P. occidentalis. Styles distinct for at least half their length; stigmas distinct. 7. P. minutus. HYDRANGEA FAMILY 115 2. EDWINIA Heller. Sopals slightly longer than the hypanthium at maturity. 1. E. americana. Sepals several times longer than the hypanthium at maturitj'. 2. E. macrocalyx. 3. FENDLERELLA Heller. l. F. utahensis. 4. FENDLERA Engelm. & Gray. Hypanthium and lower surface of the leaves strigose, the upper surface hispidulous. 1. F. tomenlella. Hypantliium and leaves sparingly strigose or glabrous. 2. F. falcata. Family 59. GROSSULARIACEAE. Gooseberry Family. Leaf-blades plicate (folded like a fan) in vernation; flowers regular; style not incUned. Plant armed with nodal spines and usually also bristly. Pedicels not jointed near the flowers; braotlets if present enclosed in the bract; hypanthium-tube well developed, deeply campanulate to cylindric. 1. Grossul.\ria. Pedicels jointed below the short stipe-like base of the flower, bearing the bracelets just below the node; hj-panthium-tube short, saucer-shaped. 2. LiMNOBOTRYA. Plant unarmed; pedicels jointed jiist under the flowers; braotlets if present borne just under the node. 3. Ribes. Leaf-blades convolute (rolled in) in vernation; flowers slightly irregular; styles somewhat declined. 4. Chrysobotry.\. 1. GROSSULARIA (Tourn.) Mill. Gooseberries. Sepals wliite; filaments more than twice as long as the petals; style pubescent below. Filaments and anthers glabrous; ribs of the leaves distinct to the base. 1. G. missnuriensis. Filaments and usually also the anthers hairy; ribs of the leaves united at the base on the lower surface. 2. G. nivea. Sepals mostly green or purplish; filaments not more than twice as long as the petals. Tube of the hypantliium externally glabrous; styles hairy towards the base. Hj/panthium-tube cylindric, usually longer than the sepals. 3. G. setosa. Hypantliium-tube campanulate or tiirbinate, not longer than the sepals. Stamens equalling the petals. Peduncles well e.xserted from the bud-scales; hypanthium and sepals to- gether 8-10 mm. long. " 4. G. irrigua. Peduncles and pedicels together scarcely longer than the bud-scales: hypan- thium and calyx together 5-7 mm. long. 5. G. oxyacanthoides. Stamens about twice as long as the petals. Peduncles glabrous; bracts glabrous. 6. G. inermis. Pedmicles puberulent and often glandular ; bracts pubescent and glandular- ciliate. 7. G. Purpusi. Tube of the hypanthium pubescent; styles wholly glabrous; stamens about equalling the petals. Length of the flowers 8 mm. or more; tube of the hypanthium cjlindric, not shorter than the sepals. 8. G. leptantha. Length of the flower 7 mm. or less; tube of the hypantliium campanulate, shorter than the sepals. 9. G. velutina. 2. LIMNOBOTRYA Rydb. Swamp Currants. Leaves glabrous or nearly so; fruit black. Ijobes of the leaves acute, incised, the terminal one decidedly longer; basal sinus open; stem usually densely bristly. Nodal spines scarcely stronger than the bristles; stipitate base of the flowers almost obsolete; peduncle and ovary densely glandular and the former pIso finely villous. 1. L. lacustris. Nodal spines usually much stronger than the bristles; stipe-like base of the flowers evident, 0.5-1 mm. long; peduncles and ovary sparingly glandular, but not at all villous. 2. L. echinata. Lobes of the leaves obtusish, toothed, the terminal one scarcely longer; basal sinus usually narrow; stem except in depauperate forms usually only slightly bristly; stipe-Uke base of the flower about 0.5 mm. long; peduncles glandular and some- times puberulent. 3. L. parvula. Leaves pubescent and glandular on both sides; fruit bright red. 4. L. montigena. 3. RIBES L. Currants. Hypantliium-tube rather poorly developed, saucer-shaped or open-campanulate. Berry not glandular-liispid. Berry red, without glands; racemes drooping; bracts short-ovate. I. R. trisle. Berry black, with sessile glands; racemes erect; bracts subulate-linear. Racemes 6-12-flowered; bracts 2-5 mm. long; leaves "Arm, villous-pubescent beneath, with a shallow or no basal sinus. 2. R. hudsonianum. Racemes 25-50-flowered; bracts minute, 1-2 mm. long; leaves tliin, essentially glabrous, usually with a deep basal sinus. 3. R. petiolare. 116 GROSS ULARIACEAE Berry glandular-hispid. Berry red; sepals 2-2.5 mm. long, glabrous without. 4. R. glandulosum. Berry black or dark-purple: sepals 3-4 mm. long, hairy without. Sepals without gland-hairs; berry with a bloom. 5. R. laxiflorum. Sepals with gland-hairs; berry without a bloom. 6. R. color adense. Hvpantliium-tube well developed, deeply campanulate to tubular. " Fruit glabrous, black. 7. R. americanum. Fruit glandular-hispid. Hj-pantliium-tube campanulate or urceolate; fruit black or blue. Leaves glabrous or essentially so; fruit globose, with a bloom. Hypanthlum-tube greenish wlaite, about 1 mm. long, less than half as long as the sepals. 8. R. Wolfii. Hypantliium-tube rose-colored or purpUsh, about 2 mm. long, more than half as long as the sepals. 9. R. nevadense. Leaves pubescent and usually very glandular; fruit elUpsoid, without a bloom. 10. R. viscosissimurn. Hj-panthium-tube cyUndric; fruit red. " Leaves merelj- giandular-pruinose, not hairy; flowers whitish. 11. R. reniforme. Leaves decidedly pubescent as well as glandular. Bracts cuneate-obovate, the rounded or truncate summit several lobed; flowers whitish; styles pubescent. 12. R. cereum. Bracts oblong or rhombic, entire or glandular-dentate; flowers pinkish; styles glabrous. 13. R. inebrians. 4. CHRYSOBOTRYA Spach. Flowerinc, Golden, Missouri, or Buffalo Currants. Sepals less than half as long as the hypanthium-tube. 1. C. odorai\ Sepals more than half as long as the hypanthium-tube. 2. C. aurea. Family 60. ROSACEAE. Rose Family. A. Frxiit consisting of 1-5 dehiscent follicles. Carpels alternate with the sepals, or less in number; stipules none or deciduous. Carpels 1-5, if more than one more or less xinited below; seeds shining, pear-shaped. with a bony coat; endosperm present. 1. Opul.\ster. Carpels usually 5, distinct; seeds duU, linear or linear-lanceolate, with a thin coat; endosperm lacking. Stamens inserted on the margin of the hj-panthium; flowers perfect; shrubs or undershrubs with simple leaves. Filaments free; leaves entire or toothed. Carpels dehiscent on the ventral suture; shrubs with deciduous leaves. 2. Spiraea. Carpels dehiscent on both sutures; cespitose tufted undershrubs with persistent leaves. Flowers racemose, rarely somewhat paniculate; stamens 20. 3. Petrophytum. Flowers sohtarv, nearly sessile at the ends of the short branches; stamens 10." " 4. Kelseya. Filaments united at the base; leaves twice or thrice 3-cleft. 5. LUETKEA. Stamens inserted on the inside of the hypantliium; flowers dioecious: tall herbs with twice or thrice compound leaves. 6. ARUXCUS. Carpels opposite to the sepals; stipules present, persistent; leaves pinnately dissected. 7. Ch.ail\eb.\ti.a.ria. U. Fruits consisting of indeliiscent achenes or drupelets. I. Carpels not enclosed in a fleshy hypantliium. a. Fruits of dry achenes. 1. Ovules 2, one above the other; achenes usually 1-seeded and more or less flattened, arranged in a single circle; slu-ubs with simple leaves. 8. Sericotheca. 2. Ovtiles and seeds solitary; achenes usually turgid and, if many, spirally arranged, a. Seeds inserted at the distal end of the ovary, i. e., opposite the origin of the style, pendulous or in genera with basal styles ascending; radicle superior. Disk at the mouth of the hypantliium annular or obsolete; leaves and branches alternate. Style articulated to the ovary; hypantliium from campanulate to almost flat, neither contracted at the throat nor closely investing the achenes; flowers cymose or solitary. Stjle not basal. Style terminal or nearly so; ovules pendulous and anatropous. Stamens separated from the receptacle by an open space; no indication of an annular tluckening at the base of the filaments. , Hypantliium saucer-shaped to deeply campanulate; petals ol)lanceolate to obcordate or cuneate; pistils usually more than 2. Filaments dilated, petaloid. 9. Horkelia. Filaments fiUform. 10. Ivesia. ROSE FAMILY 117 Hypanthium wheel-shaped; petals narrowly linear; pistils 2. 11- COiL\RELLA. Stamens inserted very near the base of the receptacle on a more or less evident annular thickening. 12. POTENTILLA. style lateral; ovxiles ascending and amphitropous. Achenes glabrous; herbs. Achenes numerous; stamens about 20. Leaves odd-pinnate. . , . ^ , ,, Receptacle not enlarged m fruit; petals yellow, obtuse or retuse; leaves interruptedly pm- nate. 13. Argentina. Receptacle somewhat enlarged m fnnt, becom- ing spongy; petals red, acute or acuminate; leaves regularly pinnate. 14. COMARUM. Leaves trifoliolate; receptacle much enlarged and usually red in fruit, pulpy; petals wliite or pinkish. 15. Fr.\garl\. Achenes 10-15; stamens 5; leaves trifoholate. 16. SIBBALDIA. Achenes hairy; slirubs; style club-shaped; leaves pinnate; petals (in ours) yellow. 17. D.\siPHORA. Stvle nearly basal; ovules ascending or nearly erect, orthotropous. " Stamens and pistils numerous; bractlets present; leaves pm- nate 18. Drymocallis. Stamens 5; bractlets wanting; leaves twice or thrice ternate. 19. CH-\1IAERH0D0S. St vie not articulate to the ovary; inflorescence spicate, racemose or paniculate; hj-panthium indurate, closely mvestmg the achenes in fruit. Hj-panthium not prickly; petals lacking. Perennials, \\ith rootstocks; stigmas muncate-papiUose ; leaf- lets toothed. 20. S.'U.GUISORBA. Annuals or biennials, with taproots; stigmas brush-Like; leaf- lets pectmate-pmnatifld. 21. POTERIDR-M. H\-pantlilum prickly; petals present ; prickles of the hypanthium ■ hooked ^ "^ 22. Agrimonia. Disk at the mouth of the hypanthium produced into a cylmdric tube, separatmg the stamens from the pistils; slirubs with opposite leaves and branches 2.3. Coleogyne. b. Seeds inserted at the proximal end of the ovary, i. e., perfectly basal; radicle inferior. „ , .^ .„^„^ . Styles wholly deciduous. 24. Waldsteixla.. Styles partly or wholly persistent. ...... ■ 4. ^ Hypanthium hemispheric, campanulate or turbinate, persistent. Pistils several or many. , i, i, -..i. Flowers 8-10-merous; low depressed undershrubs with cren- ate or entire leaf-blades. 25. Dryas. Flower usually 5-merous. ., , , Sepals valvate; perennial herbs, with rootstocks; leaves pinnate; bractlets present. Style conspicuously bent and distinctly geniculate " above, the upper hairy portion readily deciduous. 26. Geum. Style neither conspicuously bent nor distinctly geni- culate, the upper glabrous portion persistent or tardily deciduous. . Styles conspicuously elongating m fruit, plumose below. 27. Sieversia. Styles not much elongating in fruit, not plumose. 28. Acomastylls. Sepals imbricate in bud; shrubs; leaves dissected into narrow lobes. Bractlets present; pistils numerous. 29. Fallugia. Bractlets wanting; pistils few. 30. Cowania. Pistils usually sohtary ; shrubs with 3-cleft leaves. 31. PURSHIA. Hypanthium salver-shaped, the Umb deciduous; the tube persistent and closely investing the fruit; shrubs. 32. Cercocarpus. o. Fruits of more oi less fleshy drupelets; ovules 2, collateral. Styles club-shaped- stigmas slightly 2-lobed; receptacle flat; unarmed shrubs with exfoUating bark and simply digitately ribbed and lobed leaves. Drupelets capped by a hard pubescent cushion; styles glabrous. 33. Rtjb.\cer. Drupelets without cushion; styles hairy. 34. Oreobatus. Styles filiform, glabrous; stigmas capitate; receptacle convex, hemispheric or nipple-shaped; drupelets without cushion; leaves in most species compouna and stem prickly or bristly. 35. RUBUS. IL Carpels enclosed in the hypanthium which becomes fleshy in fruit. 36. xvOSA. 118 ROSACEAE 1. OPULASTER Medic. Nine-bark. Carpels 3-5, united only at the base, turgid. Mature carpels glabrous, ovate, usually 5 ; leaves of the sterile shoots scarcely longer than broad. 1. O. capitatus. Mature carpels stellate, short-ellipsoid, abruptly acute, usually 3 or 4. Leaf-blades deeply lobed, as broad as long, cordate at the base; western species. 2. O. cordatus. Leaf-blades shallowly round-lobed, not cordate at the base, usually longer than broad; eastern species. 3. U. intermedius. Carpels 2, united half theii length, or only 1 . Carpels usually 2; stamens similar or nearly so. Mature carpels more or less turgid; styles more or less spreading. Bracts obovate or spatulate, often foliaceous and more or less persistent. 4. O. bracteatus. Bracts linear or linear-oblanceolate, membranous and caducous. Pedicels and the hj-panthiimi almost glabrous; sepals stellate only on the inner surface and near the margin ; shriib 1 m. high or more. 5. O. glabratus. Pedicels, hj-panthium and caly.x densely stellate; shrub 0..5 m. high or less. Leaves green on both sides, almost glabrous. 6. O. monogyTius. Leaves paler and densely stellate beneath. 7. O. Hapemanii. Mature carpels flattened and decidedly keeled; styles erect. 8. O. malraceus. Carpels usually solitary; every other filament longer and with more dilated base; leaves small, finely stellate. 9. O. allernans. 2. SPIRAEA L. Meadow Sweet. Panicle flat-topped; sepals erect or merely spreading. Petals pink or rose-colored; corymb small. 1. S. densiflora. Petals white, seldom tinged with rose; corymb larger. 2. S. lucida. Panicle elongate, conical or ovoid, or lanceolate. Sepals merely spreading; disk obsolete. Inflorescence glabrous; leaf-blades broadly oblanceolate to obovate. 3. S. latifolia. Inflorescence pubescent; leaf-blades narrowly oblanceolate. 4. S. alba. Sepals soon refle.xed; disk usually rather conspicuous. Leaves not tomentose beneath. Stem glabrous; leaves serrate to near the base. 5. S. idahoensis. Stem more or less pubescent; leaves toothed above the middle. 6. S. Menziesii. Leaves tomentose beneath. 7. S.Douglasii. 3. PETROPHYTUM (Nutt.) Rydb. Leaves spatulate, spreading; racemes short, 1-4 cm. long; bracts usually shorter than the flowers. 1. P. caespitosum. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, erect or ascending; inflorescence 4-10 cm. long, often branched; bracts usually exceeding the flowers. 2. P. elatius. 4. KELSEYA (S. Wats.) Rydb. l. K. uniflora. 5. LUETKEA Bong. l. L. pectinata. 6. ARUNCUS (L.) Adans. Goat's Beard. l. .4. acuminatus. 7. CHAMAEBATIARIA (Porter) Maxim. Fern-bush. i. C. Millefolium. 8. SERICOTHECA Raf. Ocean Spray, Mountain Spray. Leaves grajish- or whitish-tomentose and villous beneath. Inflorescence ample, well-compound; leaves usually over 3 cm. long. Leaf-blades abruptly contracted below, scarcely decurrent on the petioles, 4—10 cm. long. 1. S. discolor. Leaf-blades cuneate at the base and distinctly decurrent on the winged petioles, 2-.5 cm. long. 2. S. dumosa. Inflorascence small and narrow, simple, racemose, or with a few short, spreading branches; leaves usually less than 2 cm. long, finely pubescent and green above, white silky-villous and tomentose beneath. 3. S. microphylla. Leaves glandular-atomiferous and sUghtly hairy on the veins beneath, not at all tomen- tose, 1-1.5 cm. long, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. 4. S. glabrescens. 9. HORKELIA Cham. & Schlecht. Plant less than 3 dm. high; petals 2-3 mm. long. 1. H. parviflora. Plant more than 3 dm. high; petals 3-6 mm. long. Leaflets ovate or oval, 2-3 cm. long; bracts generally exceeding the inflorescence. 2. //. capitata. Leaflets obovate or cuneate, usually less than 2 cm. long; bracts shorter than the inflorescence. 3. H. fusca. 10. IVESIA T. & G. Leaflets numerous, more or less crowded, usually divided to near the base. Stem leafy; stamens 20; claws of the wliite petals obsolete. 1. /. Kingii. ROSE FAMILY 119 stem few-leaved or scapiform; stamens 5; petals yellow or yellowish, clawed. CjTne corymbiform; hj-pantliium cup-shaped. Bractlets linear; stem decimibent. 2. I. utahensis. Bractlets oblong or lanceolate; stem erect. 3. /. mutabilis. Cyme subcapitate; hypanthium campanulate. 4. I. Gordonii. Leaflets comparatively few. obovate, merely incised. 5. I. beneolens. 11. COMARELLA Rydb. i. C. sabulosa. 12. POTENTILLA L. Cinquefoil, Five-finger. Cymes very leafy, many-flowered; annuals or biennials, rarely short-lived perennials; styles fusiform and glandular at the base. I. Supinae. Cymes not very leafy, generally rather few-flowered; perennials with rootstocks. Leaves digitate. Basal leaves 5-9-foliolate. Basal leaves without an additional pair of leaflets on the petioles. Plants more than 2 dm. high. Leaves green on both sides, sparingly hairy, not at all tomentose. II. XUTTALLI.A.NAE. Leaves either densely hairy or more or less tomentose beneath. Leaflets merely crenate or cut-toothed, the tootlung not extending half-way to the midrib. Leaflets densely pubescent beneath, if at all tomentose, the tomentum hidden under the long hairs, green and sparingly pubescent on the upper side. II. Nuttallianae. Leaflets principally tomentose beneath, only slightly hairy. V. Graciles. Leaflets cleft more than half-way to the midrib into Linear, oblong, or lance-oblong di\dsions. Stems a.scending or decumbent at the base; stem-lea vas few, reduced, with 3-5 leaflets. III. Candidae. Stems leafy; most of the stem-leaves 7-foliolate. IV. Pectinisectae. Plants less than 2 dm. high. Leaves neither tomentose nor silky, green. VII. Aure.\e. Leaves tomentose or silky, at least beneath. VIII. Concixnae. Basal leaves digitately 5-foliolate, with an additional pair of smaller leaflets on the petiole. VI. Subjug.'VE. Basal leaves 3-foUolate. Leaves more or le.ss tomentose beneath. IX. Niveae. Leaves not tomentose. X. Frigidae. Leaves odd-pinnate. Style much longer than the mature achene, fiUform. Leaves with 1-3 more or less appro.ximate pairs of leaflets ; plants low. Leaves not at all tomentose. Style subterminal. VII. Aure.\e. Style attached below the ape.x of the achene. XI. Brevifoliae. Leaves more or less tomentose beneath. XII. Rubricaules. Leaves with 3-13 pairs of leaflets; plants usually comparatively tall. Leaves grayish or whitish, silky or tomentose, at least beneath. XIII. Leucophyllae. Leaves green on both sides or merely strigose. XIV. !Multijugae. Style not longer than the mature achene, thickened and glandular below; leaves usually more or less tomentose beneath. XV. IMultifidae. I. Supinae. Achenes with a corky gibbosity on the upper suture; leaves all pinnate with 3-5 pairs of leaflets. 1. p. paradoxa. Achenes not gibbous. Lower leaves pmnate with 2 approximate pairs of leaflets, the upper ternate; stem strict; inflorescence cymose. 2. P. rivalis. Leaves all digitate; the basal ones rarely pinnate in P. monspeliensis. Leaves ternate. Petals about half as long as the sepals; achenes whitish, smooth; h^TJanthium in fruit 5 mm. wide or less. Stem slender; petals cuneate or obovate; sepals and bractlets 3-4 mm. long. Stem with diffuse, spreading branches; leaflets cuneate; inflorescence cjTnose. 3. P. millegrana. Stem with erect or strongly ascending branches; inflorescence inclined to be falsely racemose; leaflets broadly obovate; plant decidedly glandular-puberulent. 4. P. biennis. Stem stout; petals obcordate; sepals and bractlets 5 mm. long; plants densely glandular. 5. P. Kelseyi. Petals equalling the sepals or nearly so ; hj-panthium in fruit about 7 mm. wide; stamens 15-20. 6. P. monspeliensis. Lower leaves digitately 5-foliolate, or ternate with the lateral leaflets 2-cleft to near the base; stamens 5. 7. P. pentandra. II. Nuttallianae. Calyx and leaves more or less glandular-atomiferous ; whole plant yeUowish or brownish green; leaves with strong ribs. 120 ROSACEAE Leaflets dissected into linear or oblong divisions. 8. P. brunnescens. Leaflets coarsely toothed with lanceolate teeth. 9. P. Nuttallii. Caly.x and leaves not gland iilar-atomiferous ; plant neither yellowish nor brownish; ribs of the leaves not prominent. Pubescence of the stem and petioles appressed. Leaflets coarsely toothe-d. Leaflets obovate or oblanceolate, toothed to near the base. 10. P. jucunda. Leaflets cuneate-obovate, the middle ones mostly toothed above the middle, entire at the base. 31. P. glaucophylla. Leaflets dissected at least half-way to the midrib. Leaves rather densely sill^y beneath. 11. P. rectiformis. Leaves glabrous e.xcept the veins. 12. P. glabrata. Pubescence of the stem and petioles spreading; leaflets loosely hairy, often slightly tomentose beneath. 13. P. dascia. III. Candidae. Segments of the leaflets lanceolate, acute; tomentum sparse. 22. P. viridescens. Segments of the leaflets oblong to linear, obtusish; tomentum dense. Pubescence of the petioles and stems appressed. Leaves densely yellowish silky above, snow-white, tomentose and silky beneath. 14. P. Candida. Leaves green and sparingly silky above, tomentose, but neither snow-white nor silky beneath. 15. P. Pecten. Pubescence of the petioles and stem spreading. 16. P. Bakeri. IV. Pectinisectae. Leaves green, finely silky beneath, slightly if at all tomentose. 17. P. pectinisecta. Leaves white-tomentose beneath. Divisions of tlie leaflets scarcely revolute; petals 7-10 mm., long. Leaves loosely villous-tomentose above. 18. P. lonqiloha. Leav'es appressed-silky above. 19. P. Blaschkeana. Divisions of the leaflets narrowly linear, revolute; petals 5-7 mm. long. 20. P. flabelliformis. V. Graciles. Leaflets cut-toothed or cleft with lanceolate teeth. Leaflets with a cuneate entire base; tomentum sparse. 21. P. intermittens. Leaflets toothed or cleft along cheir whole margins. Petioles with appressed or ascending hairs. Stem slender, 3-5 dm. high; inflorescence open, scarcely leafy. 22. P. viridescens. Stem stout, 4—7 dm. high, erect, leafy as well as the inflorescence. Leaves grajish green beneath, only slightly tomentose. 23. P. glomerata. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath; stem densely hairy. 24. P. dichroa. Petioles with spreading hairs. Leaflets of at least the stem-leaves oblanceolate, sparingly hairy or glabrate above; petals often 1 cm. long. 25. P. gracilis. Leaflets obovate, densely hairy above; plant 3—4 dm. high; petals 5-6 mm. long. 26. P. camporum. Leaflets merely crenate with rounded or ovate teeth. 27. P. fiUpes. VI. SUBJUG.'VE. One species. 28. P. subjuga. VII. Aureae. Leaflets toothed, the toothing not deeper than half-way to the midrib. Leaflets crenate with rounded or rounded-ovate, obtuse teeth. 29. P. Vreelandii. Leaflets closely toothed or cleft with lanceolate or oblong, acute or barely obtusish teeth or segments. Leaflets spatulate or obovate; teeth usually spreading. 35. P. concinnacformis. Leaflets cuneate or cuneate-oblanceolate, toothed above the middle, teeth ascend- ing. Leaves rather densely silky-strigose, the basal ones often inclined to be pin- nate. 30. P. dirersifoUa. Leaves slightly pubescent, in age glabrous and somewhat glaucous, digitate. 31. P. glaucophylla. Leaflets cleft or divided, the divisions extending two-thirds to the midrib or further. Leaflets cleft into oblong or lanceolate divisions, shghtly sUky-strigose, in age glabrate. 32. P. perdissccla. Leaflets divided into linear divisions, permanently strigose. 33. P. multisecta. VIII. Coxcinxae. Leaflets densely silvery-sUky on both sides, only sliglitly if at all tomentose beneath. Leaflets deeply dissected. 15. P. Pecten. Leaflets merely toothed. Inflorescence many-flowered and dense. 34. P. fastigiata. Inflorescence few-flowered and open. 35. P. concinnaeformis. ROSE FAMILY 121 Leaflets densely white-tomeiitose beneath. Leaflets merely crenate or serrate. Leaflets obovate to oblanceolate, toothed except at the very base. Sepals ovate, acute. 36. P. concinna. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate. Leaflets obovate, few-toothed. (Occasionalfornisof)42. P.nivea. Leaflets oblanceolate, many-toothed. (Depauperate forms of) 27. P. filipes. Leaflets oblong, with entii'e margins, only 3-toothed (seldom 5-toothed) at the apex. 37. P. bicrenata. Leaflets deeply dissected. Bractlets lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute; petals light yellow. Plant diffuse; sepals ovate; leaves more or less grayish above. 38. P. divisa. Plant erect or ascendmg; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; leaves green above. 39. P. quinquefolia. Bractlets linear, obtuse; petals 4 mm. long, golden-yellow; inflorescence rather dense. 40. P. modesta. IX. NiVEAE. Leaflets oblanceolate or obovate, toothed or cleft, except at the very base; stem usually 1-2 dm. high, more or less leafy, several-flowered. Leaflets deeply cleft, the clefts extending at least half-way to the midrib. Inflorescence dense and congested. 41. P. Hookeriana. Inflorescence open, with slender pedicels. 39. P. quinquefolia. Leaflets coarsely toothed, the toothing rarely extending half-way to the midrib. 42. P. nivea. Leaflets broadly cuneate, toothed only above the middle; stems usually l«ss than 1 dm. high, scapiform, 1-2-flowered (rarely 3-flowered). 43. P. uniflora. X. Frigidae. Stem less than 1 dm. high, decumbent; leaflets obovate, short-pilose; petals 5-8 mm long. 44. P. emarginala. Stem 1-3 dm. high, erect; leaflets cuneate, flabelliform; petals 8-10 mm. long. 45. P. flabellifolia. XI. Brevifoliae. One species. 46. P. brevifolia. XII. RUBRICAULE3. Leaves mostly greenish above, tomentose beneath. Segments of the leaves linear; stem nearly erect, slender; sepal? almost linear. 47. P. tenerrima. Segments of the leaves lanceolate or oblong; sepals lanceolate. Plant densely cespitose; segments of the leaves obtuse. Segments lanceolate, acute; leaflets only slightly tomentose beneath. 61. P. viridior. Segments oblong to orbicular, obtuse. Segments of the leaves narrowly oblong. 48. P. saximontana. Segments of the leaves oval to orbicular. 49. P. minutifolia. Plant with spreading branches; segments of the leaves acute. 38. P. divisa. Leaves densely silky on both sides. Leaves with 2 or 3 pairs of leaflets; bractlets much shorter than the sepals; stem strict. 50. P. fiUcaulis. Leaves with 3-5 pairs of leaflets; bractlets little if at all shorter than the sepals; stem decumbent-ascending . Leaflets deeply cleft. 51. P. Macounii. Leaflet's merely toothed. 52. P. proxirna. XIII. Leucophyll.\e. Pistils 20 or fewer; bractlets much shorter than the acuminate sepals; tomentimi if any loose and not dense. Plant tomentose throughout. 53. P. coloradensis. Plant green and nearly glabrous up to the inflorescence. 54. P. rupincola. Pistils usually more than 20. Leaves wliite-tomentose beneath; pubescence of the stem and petioles mostly ap- pressed. Leaves almost equally white-pubescent on both sides. Bractlets much shorter than the acuminate sepals. Leaflets not closely approximate, finely tomentose. 55. P. effusa. Leaflets closely approximate, coarsely appressed-silky as well as tomentose. 56. P. lupina. Bractlets at least three-fourths as long as the acute sepals. Inflorescence open; leaves silky and shining. 57. P. Ilippiana. Inflorescence dense; leaves loosely tomentose and rather dull. 58. P. argyrea. Leaves green and merely silky above. Leaflets usually 9, all usually ascending, the upper pair decurrent. 59. P. propinqua. Leaflets 5-7, the lower spreading or reflexed, the upper pair not decurrent. Leaflets densely wliite beneath; teeth ovate. 60. P. pulcherrima. 122 ROSACE.\E Leaflets thin, sparlnglj- tomentose beneath; teeth lanceolate. 61. P. viridior. Leaves gresn beneath, only slightly tomentiilose when young: pubescence of the stems and petioles spreading. 62. P. ambigens. XIV. MULTUUGAE. Pedicels at least in fruit arcuate-spreading; stems usually diffuse or spreading; leaflets pinnately divided, with several or many, oblong or lanceolate divisions. 63. P. platlensis. Pedicels erect or ascending, straight; stem erect or ascending. Leaflets dissected to near the midrib. Stem and mature leaves glabrate; leaflets cuneate, cleft above the middle into oblong or ovate divisions. Stem 1-3 dm. high ; leaflets elongate-cuneate, with oblong divisions. 64. P. Nelsoniana. Stem about 1 dm. high; leaflets short-cuneate, merely toothed at the apex. 65. P. decurrens. Stem and mature leaves more or less hairy; leaflets obovate, at least the uppej pinnatisect. Divisions of the leaflets long, narrowly linear; stem 2-3 dm. high; leaflet-; many. 66. P. wyomingensis. Divisions of the leaflets oblong or oblanceolate; stem less than 2 dm. high; leaflets few. 67. P. oeina. Leaflets not dissected to near the midrib. Leaves not densely grayish-strigose. Sepals ovate or lance-ovate; bractlets lanceolate or oblong. Stem about 1 dm. high; leaflets 1 cm. long or less, toothed only at the apex. 65. P. decurrens. Stem 2-4 dm. high; leaflets more than 2 cm. long. 68. P. Drummondii. Sepals linear -lanceolate, acuminate; bractlets linear-subulate. 54. P. rupincola. Leaves denselv grayish-strigose or silky. Stem 1—1 dm. liigh. ascending or decumbent; leaflets ctmeate or linear-oblong, conduplicate, toothed at the apex only. 69. P. crinita. Stem stout, 6-7 dm. high; leaflets obovate-oblong, coarsely serrate. 62. P. ambigens. XV. MULTIFIDAE. Pubescence of the under side of the leaves silvery-white. Petioles and lower part of the stem silky villous with spreading hairs. 70. P. paucijuga. Petioles and stem tomentulose and silky strigose. Segments of the leaflets Imear or linear-oblong; branches of the inflorescence usually short and ascending. Leaflets usually wliite on both sides; petals and sepals 4-6 mm. long. Stem decumbent or ascending, 0.5-1 dm. high; leaflets 2 or 3 rather approx- imate pairs. 71. P. pseudosericea. Stem erect, 3-5 dm. liigh; leaflets 3-7 usually rather remote pairs. 72. P. bipinnatifida. Leaflets green above; petals and sepals about 3 mm. long. 73. P. virgulata. Segments of the leaflets lanceolate or oblong, usually green above; branches of the inflorescence long and erect. 74. P. platyloba. Pubescence of the under side of the leaves grayish. Petioles and stem appressed-pubescent. Segments of the leaflets narrowly linear; petals and sepals about 3 mm. long. 73. P. rirgulata. Segments of the leaflets ovate, lanceolate, or oblong; petals and sepals 4-6 mm. long. Leaves glandular-pruinose above and sometimes with scattered long hairs. 75. P. glabrella. Leaves short-strigose above. Margins of the leaf-segments not revolute. 76. P. pennsijlranica. ^Margins of the leaf-segments revolute. 77. P. arachnoidea. Petioles and stem with spreading hairs. Flowers distinctly pedicelled: upper leaflets of the basal leaves with 9-13 segments; pubescence of the stem and petioles long. Plant dark green; leaves scarcely paler beneath. 78. P. atrmirens. Plant not dark green; leaves decidedly paler beneath. 79. P. strigo.sa. Flowers usually subsessile, densely conglomerate; upper leaflets of the basal leaves with 15-21" segments; pubescence of the stem short and dense. 80. P. lasiodonta. 13. ARGENTINA Lam. Silver-weed, Goose Tansy. Achenes corky, with a deep groove; stem and petiole and rachis of the leaves densely pubRscent, with at first ascending and later spreading hairs. Leaves silvery on both sides. 1. ^1. argentea. Leaves green and glabrate above. 2. A. Anserina. Achenes not corky, without a groove; stem and petiole and the rachis of the leaves gla- brous or slightly appressed-hairy and glabrate; hypanthium acute at the base. 3. A. subarctica. ROSE FAMILY 123 14. COMARUM L. Marsh Cinquefoil, Purple Marshlocks, Cowberry. l. C. palustre. 15. FRAGARIA L. Strawberry. Pubescence of scape and petioles divaricate, i. e.. generally spreading at right angles or somewhat reflexed (scanty and I6ss spreading in no. 3). Leaflets sessile; achenes superficial on the receptacle. Flowers pinkish, nodding from the beginning. 1. F. Helleri. Flowers wliite, erect or spreading, nodding only in fruit. Calyx in fruit spreading or ascending; scape generally with long divaricate hairs and a leafy bract. 2. F. bracteata. Calyx in fruit reflexed; leaflets rhombic-obovate, acute; scape and petioles sparingly hairy; hairs more ascending or appressed. 3. F. americana. Leaflets usually petiolulate; achenes set in usually deep pits. Plant more or less glaucous; petals usually orbicular and twice as long as the sepals. Sepals and bractlets elliptic. 4. F. truncata. Sepals and bractlets lanceolate. Sepals linear-lanceolate; leaflets cuneate, somewhat coriaceous, sharply toothed at the apex. 5. F. runeifolia. Sepals broadly lanceolate; leaflets broadly obovate or broadly cuneate, only a little longer than broad, with coarse acute teeth. 6. F. platypetala. Plant not glaucous; petals elliptic, generally exceeding the sepals by one-half, usually over 10 mm. long; achenes set in shallow pits; leaves Arm. 7. F. grandiflora. Pubescence of the scape and petioles appressed or ascending; achenes in pits. Plants not glaucous. Leaflets usually more than 3 cm. long, very veiny beneath; runners many. 8. F. proliflca. Leaflets usually 1-3 cm. long, not very veiny; runners few. 9. F. pumila. Plants more or less glaucous. Leaves rather tliin. Leaflets obovate; scape several-flowered. 10. F. glauca. Leaflets oblong-cuneate; scape 1-4-flowered. 11. F. pauciflora. Leaves rather thick. Arm; leaflets oblong-cuneate. 12. F. ovalis. 16. SIBBALDIA L. l. S. procumbens. 17. DASIPHORA Raf. Shrubby CrNQUEFOiL, Yellow Rose. 1. D. fruticosa. 18. DRYMOCALLIS Fourr. Stj'le fusiform, less than twice as long as the ovary. Sepals ovate to lanceolate, acute, rarely acuminate. Petals white or cream-colored, often, however, turning more yellowish In drying. Petals slightly if at all exceeding the sepals; inflorescence many-flowered, dense. Leaves densely hairy; petals orbicular or nearly so, 7-8 mm. long; cyme short and dense; stem densely short-hairy. 1. D. agrimonioides. Leaves sparingly hairy; petals obovate, 5-6 mm. long. Cyme short, flat-topped; leaflets rounded-obovate to flabelliform; stem and petioles not conspicuously long-hairy. 2. D. corymbosa. Cyme elongate, narrow; leaflets more or less rhombic-obovate; stem and petioles conspicuously long-hairy, especially below. 3. D. conrallaria. P3td,ls much exceeding the sepals; cyme open, few-flowered; stem slender. 4. D. pseudorupestris. Petals yellow in anthesis. Leaflets with ovate teeth. Petals much exceeding the sepals in length. Bractlets lanceolate to linear; sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. Plant tall, 3-10 dm. high; cyme flat-topped. Leaflets rhombic-obovate, acute, at least the terminal one; inflorescence leafy. 5. D. foliosa. Leaflets of the basal leaves orbicular to obovate, obtuse; upper leaves reduced. 6. D. valida. Plant low, 2-3 dm. (rarely 4 dm.) high; cyme narrow, leafy; leaflets orbicular or rounded-obovate. 7. D. fissa. Bractlets elliptic or oval; sepals ovate; stem 1-1.5 dm. high, almost scapose. 8. D. pumila. Petals slightly if at all exceeding the sepals, 5-7 mm. long. Bractlets linear-lanceolate, about two-thirds as long as the lanceolate sepals; leaflets obovate, irregularly or doubly toothed. 9. D. glandulosa. Bractlets oblong or oblong-lanceolate; sepals ovate-lanceolate; leaflets more evenly simple-toothed, the lateral ones inclined to be orbicu- lar. 10. D. arizonica. Leaflets incised, with lanceolate teeth. 11. D. incisa. 124 ROSACE AE Sepals oval or broadly ovate, rarely lanceolate, rounded and mucronate at the apex. Petals 7-8 mm. long, ascending in anthesis; leaves densely hairy; plant stout. 1. D. agrimonioides. Petals less than 6 mm. long, spreading or reflexed in anthesis. Petals 4—6 mm. long; calyx and hypanthium in fruit together 10-12 mm. long; petioles conspicuously long-hairy; petals yellow. 12. D. oregana. Petals 2-4 mm. long; calyx and hyiiantliium in fruit together 6-10 mm. long; petioles mostly short-hairy; petals whitish. Petals obovate: sepals twice as long as broad. 13. D. albida. Petals orbicular or nearly so; sepals half longer than broad. 14. D. micropetala. Style filiform or nearly so, more than twice as long as the ovary; plant about 2 dm. high; petals much exceeding the sepals; leaflets rhombic-obovate. 15. D. rhomboidea. 19. CHAMAERHODOS Bunge. i. C. NuttalUi. 20. SANGUISORBA L. Burnet. i. S. sitchensis. 21. POTERIDIUM Spach. l. P. occidentale. 22. AGRIMONIA L. Agrimony. Fruiting hypantliium with several series of bristles, the lower bristles reflexed; sepals acuminate with tips incurved in fruit. 1. A. gryposepala. Fruiting hypantliium with 2-4 series of bristles, the latter erect, ascending or merely spreading; sepals acute. 2. A. striata. 23. COLEOGYNE Torr. Black Bush. l. P. ramoissima. 24. WALDSTEINIA Willd. Barren Strawberry. l. W. idahoensis. 25. DRYAS L. Dryad, Mountain Avens. Sepals linear or linear-lanceolate; petals wliite, spreading. Leaf-blades entire or with a few acutish teeth, sliining and not conspicuously rugose above, broadest near the base. 1. D. integrifolia. Leaf-blades coarsely round-crenate, dull, strongly rugose and impressed-reticulate above, broadest near the middle. 2. D. octopetala. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate; petals yellow, strongly ascending. Hypantliium and calyx densely hairy with black glandular hairs, only sUghtly to- mentose. 3. D. Drummondii. Hypanthium and calyx densely white-tomentose, not glandular. 4. D. tomentosa. 26. GEUM L. Avens. Sepals reflexed ; upper internode of the style less than one-third as long as the lower. Petals white or ochroleucous ; receptacle long-hairy; hairs at least half as long as the achenes. 1. G. canadense. Petals bright or golden yellow; receptacle short-hairy. Leaflets of the stem-leaves decurrent on the racliis, the upper ones confluent. 2. G. decurrens. Leaflets of the stem-leaves not decurrent. Upper internode of the style hirsute, the hairs about 1 mm. long; lower hiter- node liirsute below, not glandular; petals orbicular, roimded at the base. 3. G. strictinn. Upper internode of the style short-hispidulous at the base or glabrous; petals usually cuneate at the base, except in G. perincisurn; lower internode of the style glandular-puberulent. Divisions of the upper stem-leaves ample, rhombic or cuneate; inflores- cence corymbiform, usually with short branches. 4. G. macrophylluni. Divisions of the upper small stem-leaves oblanceolate or rarely obovate; inflorescence open, with slender branches. Leaflets doubly serrate or dentate; terminal leaflet of the basal leaves rounded or reniform. 5. G. oregonense. Leaflets especially those of the upper leaves deeply incised; terminal leaflet of the basal leaves rhombic, ovate, or subcordate. 6. G. perincisum. Sepals ascending or merely spreading; upper internode of the style at least half as long as lower internode, hirsute; petals flesh-colored, purple-veined. 7. G. rivale. 27. SIEVERSIA Willd. Old Man's Whiskers. Leaflets cuneate, toothed at the apex. Hypanthium at least in flower acute at the base; bractlets much exceeding the lance- olate sepals; petals elUptic. 1. 5. triflora. Hypanthium in flower rounded or sunken at the base; bractlets about equalling or shorter than the ovate or ovate-lanceolate sepals; petals broadly elliptic. Bractlets linear or Unear-subulate, equalling the sepals or slightly exceeding them. 2. 5. grisea. Bractlets oblong-linear or lanceolate, shorter than the sepals. 3. S. canescens. Leaflets dissected at least half way into linear or linear-lanceolate divisions. ROSE FAMILY 125 Bractlets longer than the sepals; hypantliium and sepals usually strongly purple- tinged. 4. S. cihata. Bractlets shorter than the sepals; hypanthium and sepals yellowish and only slightly purple-tinged. Leaflets, e.xcept in depauperate soecimens, 2-4 cm. long, ascending, scarcely glandular. 5. S. flavula. Leaflets less than 1.5 cm. long, spreading, conspicuously glandular-pruinose and hirsute. 6. S. brevifolia. 28. ACOMASTYLIS Greene. Loaves densely silky-canescent. 1. A. sericea. Leaves puberulent, somewhat glandular-granuliferous or glabrate, not silky. 2. A. turbinata. 29. FALLUGIA Endl. Apache Plume. 1. F. paradoxa. 30. COWANIA D. Don. Cliff Rose. l. c. Stansburiana. 31. PURSHIA DC. I. P. tridentata. 32. CERCOCARPUS H.B.K. Mountain Mahogany. Leaves serrate or dentate. Hypanthium and leaves villous, with spreading hairs; leaves broadly obovate, 1.5-3 cm. long. 1. C. montanus. Hypanthium and leaves appressed-silky. Leaves obovate-flabelliform, 1-2 cm. long. 2. C. flabullifolius . Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, 2-4 cm. long. 3. C. argenteus. Leaves entire, from linear to elliptic, coriaceous, with moie or less revolute margins, resinous. Leaf-blades 1.5-3 cm. long; tail of fruit 4-6 cm. long. Leaf-blades elliptic, only slightly revolute, in age merely tomentulose beneath ; petioles 3-5 mm. long. 4. C. IcdifoUus. Leaf-blades linear, strongly revolute, permanently white villous-tomentose be- neath; petioles 1-2 mm. long. 5. C. hypoleucus. Leaf-blades 5-15 mm. long, narrowly linear, strongly revolute, only the midrib of the lower surface exposed; tail of fruit 3-4 cm. long. Leaves short-villous when young. 6. C. arizonicus. Leaves glabrous from the beginning. 7. C. intricatus. 33. RUBACER Rydb. Flowering Raspberry, Thimbleberry, Salmon Berry. l. R. parviflorum. 34. OREOBATUS Rydb. l. O. deliciosus. 35. RUBUS (Tourn.) L. Raspberry, Blackberry, Cloudberry. stem herbaceous, never prickly, rarely bristly; floral branches directly from the root- stock or from stolons; stipules broad, free or nearly so. Petals spreading or ascending; filaments not dilated. Plants dioecious; drupelets many, coherent; petals large and broad; leaves merely lobed. 1. R. Chamnemorus. Plants with perfect flowers; drupelets few, distinct; petals narrow; leaves pedately 5-foliolate. 2. R. pedatus. Petals erect; filaments dilated. Petals pink or rose-color; plants not stoloniferous ; floral branches directly from the rootstock. Petals oblanceolate or obovate, 10-15 mm. long, distinctly clawed; stem less than 1 dm. high, usually 1-flowered; leaflets rounded at the ape.x. 3. R. acaulis. Petals broadly obovate, rounded or emarginate, scarcely clawed, 10 mm. long or less; stem leafy, 1-3 dm. high, 1-5-flowered; stem-leaves with rhombic acute leaflets. 4. R. arcticus. Petals wliite; plant stoloniferous. Plant wholly unarmed; flowers solitary or racemose. 5. R. pubescens. Plant sparingly glandular-hispid above and sometimes with a few weak bristles ; flowers corymbose. 6. R. transmontanus. Stem more or less woody, biennial oi perennial, usually prickly or bristly, if unarmed or merely bristly, then the stipules narrow and more or less adnate. Stipules broad, free or nearly so; stem decumbent, prickly. 7. R. nivalis. Stipules narrow, linear-lanceolate or subulate, adnate to the petioles. Carpels imited into a tliimble-shaped aggregate fruit, separating from the dry receptacle. Flowers solitary or few; petals purplish, large, much exceeding the sepals; leaves green on both sides. 8. .R. spectabilis. Flowers clustered; petals white, usually shorter than the sepals; leaves more or less tomentose or at least glaucous beneath. Inflorescence corymbiform; fruit black or purple; stem piickly; leaves, when having more than 3 leaflets, pedately compound. 126 ROSACEAE Prickles of the inflorescence not flattened, straightish; leaflets dark green above, acuminate, with small teeth; stem usually dark bluish, with a bloom. 9. R. occidentalis. Prickles of the inflorescence strongly flattened and curved; leaflets yellowish green above, acute, with coarse teeth; branches usually straw-colored. 10. R. leucodermis. Inflorescence racemose; fruit red; leaves, when ha\Tiig more than 3 leaflets, pinnately compound. Plant not at all glandular-hispid; inflorescence with weak prickles, villous. 11. R. melanotrachys. Plant more or less glandular-hispid, especially in the inflorescence. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, gradually acuminate; leaves glabrate beneath in age. Stem sparingly bristly; leaflets neither strongly pUcate nor strongly veined. 12. R. peramoenus. Stem densely bristly; leaves strongly plicate and strongly veined. 13. R. viburnifolius. Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate abruptly acuminate. Young stems, petioles, and irflorescence neither densely tomen- tose nor puberulent. 14. R melanolasius. Yoimg stems, petioles and inflorescence densely toraentose or puberulent. 15. R. acalyphaceus. Carpels coherent to the fleshy receptacle; plant dioecious with decumbent stems and 1-3-foUolate green leaves. 16. R. macropetalus. 36. ROSA (Toiirn.) L. Rose. Pistils numerous; styles as well as the upper part of the hypantliium persistent; sepals in fruit erect or ascending, persistent. Infrastipular prickles not present; branches mostly unarmed and young shoots bristly, but not prickly. Inflorescence corymbose, terminating the stems (or rarely the branches) ; plant suffruticose; stem usually dying back to near the ground; leaflets 9-11. Leaves glabrous or nearly so. Leaflets mostly 2-5 cm. long, not glaucous, decidedly acute; plant 3 dm. high or more; flowers corymbose. 1. R. arkansana. Leaflets rarely more than 2 cm. long, mostly rounded at the apex, some- what glaucous beneath; plant 1-2 dm. high; flowers 1-3. 2. R. Lunellii. eaves densely pubescent, especially beneath. Upper stipules and bracts not densely glandular; leaflets 1..5— i cm. long; plant 3-5 dm. lugh. 3. R. suffulla. Upper stipules and bracts densely glandular; leaflets seldom more than 1.5 cm. long; plant 1-3 dm. liigh. 4. R. alcea. Inflorescence of solitary or few corymbose flowers at the end of lateral branches; plant shrubby; leaflets usually 5 or 7, or 9 only on the young shoots. Hypanthium decidedly pear-shaped or elliptic, acute at the base, with a dis- tinct neck at the top. Sepals rarely more than 1 cm. long; bark yellowish green. 5. R. collaris. Sepals 2-3 cm. long; bark brown. Leaflets conspicuously glandular-granuhferous, but scarcely at all hairy beneath, rounded-oval, double-toothed. 6. R. Engelmannii. Leaflets densely pubescent, but rarelj slightly if at all glandular-gran- uhferous beneath, mostly elUptic, simple-toothed. 7. R. acicularis. Hypanthium subglobose, almost without a neck. 8. R. Bourgeauiana. Infrastipular prickles usually present. Flowers mostly solitary; petals usuaUy 2.5 cm. long or more; fruit 12-20 mm tliick. Prickles straight or nearly so. Hypanthium densely prickly. 9. R. MacDougali. Hypanthium not prickly or rarely slightly so. Leaflets more or less double-toothed, more or less glandular-granulifer- ous beneath; stipules and racliis glandular. Leaflets very thin, pale and shghtly glandular-granuhferous, but not muriculate beneath. 10. R. nutkana. Leaflets tliicker, dark green on both sides, conspicuously glandular- muriculate beneath. 11. R. muriculala. Leaflets simple-toothed, puberulent but not glandular-granuhferous beneath; rachis rarely glandular. 12. R. Spaldingii. Prickles more or less distmctly curved. Hypanthium prickly. Stem stout, 1 m. liigh or more; leaflets usually more than 3 cm. long. 13. R. Underwoodii. Stem low, usually less than 3 dm. high; leaflets usually not more than 2 cm long. 16. R. aciculata. Hypantliium smooth. Prickles very large and flat; twigs densely glandular and pubescent. 14. R. Durandii. Prickles short and slender, not conspicuously flattened; twigs not con- spicuously glandular, mostly glabrous. Leaflets perfectly glabrous or merely glandular-granuhferous be- neath. ROSE FAMILY 127 Stem 1 m. high or more; leaflets usually more than 2 cm. long, pale or light green, rather tlrm, rarely double-serrate, not glandular-granuliferous beneath; calyx not densely glandular. 15. R. melina. Stem usually less than 3 dm. high; leaflets usually less than 2 cm. long, dark green, glandular-double-toothed; calyx usually covered with stalked glands. 16. R. aciculata. Leaflets sparingly pubescent beneath. 17. R. oreophila. Flowers mostly corymbose, if solitary the petals 2 cm. long or less; fruit rarely more than 1 cm. thick. Prickles more or less curved. Leaflets fljiely puberulent or glandular-granuhferous, or both beneath. Hypanthium ellipsoid; yoimg shoots with rather few strong curved prickles. IS. R. ncomexicana. Hypantliium globose; young shoots with fine, often rather many prick- les. 19. R. puberulenta. Leaflets perfectly glabrous. 20. R. manca. Prickles straight or nearly so. Hypanthium globose; neck usually obsolete. Stipules, petioles, and rachis conspicuously glandular. 21. R. Fendleri. Stipules, petioles, and rachis not conspicuously glandular, usually glandless. Leaflets glabrous or nearly so. Leaves yellowish green; fruit orange; corymb several-flowered. 22. R. chrysocarpa. Leaves dark green above, paler beneath; fruit purphsh red; flowers 1-3. 23. R. Woodsii. Leaflets more or less pubescent beneath. Leaflets elhptic or oval, equally green on both sides. Leaflets broadly oval, thin, 2-5 cm. long; plant nearly un- armed. 24. R. salictorum. Leaflets narrowly oval, less than 3 cm. long, rather firm; plant prickly. 25. R. ullramontana. Leaflets obovate, or if elliptic, more or less glaucous beneath. Leaflets tliin, very sharply serrate, equally green on both sides; sepals with a few slender bristles near the margins; prickles very slender. 26. R. praetincta. Leaflets flrmer, paler beneath; sepals without bristles; prickles stouter. 27. R. Macounii. Hypanthium elongate, pear-shaped, with a distinct neck. 28. R. pyrifera. Pistils few; styles deciduous with the upper part of the hypanthium, which falls off as a ring. Leaflets very thin, scarcely paler beneath, with distinct reticulations. 29. R. gymnocarpa. Leaflets not very thin, pale and indistinctly reticulate beneath. 30. R. leucopsis. Family 61. MALACEAE. Apple Family. Cells of the fruit by false partitions twice as many as the styles. Flowers racemose; styles 3-5, rarely 2. 1. Amelanchier. Flowers solitary or in 2- or 3-flowered corymbs; styles 2. 2. Peraphtllum. Cells of the fruit as many as the styles. Leaves pinnately compound; carpels leathery at maturity. 3. Sorbus. Leaves simple, more or less pinnately lobed; carpels bony at maturity 4. Crataegus. 1. AMELANCHIER Medic. Service-berry, June-berry, Shadberry. Top of the ovary, winter buds, and leaves glabrous from the beginning; fruit juicy; styles mostly 5. Sepals mostly sparingly hairy within. Petals oblanceolate, 18-20 mm. long; leaves thin, green. 1. A. Cusickii. Petals oblong, 10-15 mm. long; leaves flrmer, pallid. 2. A. basallicola. Sepals perfectly glabrous on both sides; petals 10-12 mm. long. Leaves green; styles 5, all united; twigs brown. Leaves moderately toothed; lower one-third of the blade entire; teeth rarely over 2 mm. long. 3. A. polycarpa. Leaves coarsely toothed to near the base; teeth 3-4 mm. long. 4. A. pumila. Leaves bluish-green; styles 4, two and two imited; twigs gray. 11. A. Jonesiana. Top of the ovary and usually the winter buds pubescent; leaves hairy beneath, at least when yomig. Fruit glabrous, in age purple, juicy ; styles mostly 5, rarely 4. Leaves glabrous above, wliite-tomentose but soon glabrate beneath. Leaves mostly acute at the apex, toothed to near the base. Leaf-blades elliptic, finely toothed, short-acuminate. 5. A. canadensis. Leaf-blades oval, coarsely toothed, acute or obtuse. 6. .4. humilis. Leaves truncate or rounded at the apex, mostly toothed above the middle. 128 MALACEAE Leaf-blades thin, usually oval. 7. A. florida. Leaf-blades firm, usually suborbicular. 8. A. alnifnlia. Leaves more or less permanently pubescent on both sides, more or less pale. Leaves neither coarsely toothed nor strongly veined. 9. A. orcophila. Leaves coarsely toothed and strongly veined. 10. A. mormonica. Fruit even in age more or less pubescent, orange or yellow, not juicy; styles mostly 3 or 2. Leaves coarsely toothed; branches gray. Leaf-blades suborbicular, tnmcate at the apex. Leaves dentate; teeth acute. 12. A. Bakeri. Leaves crenate, teeth broad, rounder. 13. A. crenata. Leaf-blades oval, acute to rounded at the apex. 14. A. utahensis. Leaves finely toothed; breuiches brown or cherry-red. 15. A. prunifolia. 2. PERAPHYLLUM Nutt. Squaw Apple, Wild Crab. 1. P. ramosissimum. 3. SORBUS L. Mountain Ash. Leaflets acute or acuminate at the apex, serrate to near the base; inflorescence broad and flat-topped. Leaflets linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, at least flve times as long as broad. 1. S. angustifolja. Leaflets elliptic or oblong, abruptly acuminate or acute, 2-3 times as long as broad. 2. S. scopulina. Leaflets mostly roimded at the apex, entire towards the base; inflorescence small, usually roimd-topped. 3. S. occidentalis. 4. CRATAEGUS L. Haw or Hawthorn. Fruit black or nearly so when ripe; nutlets irregularly pitted on the faces; leaves glabrate beneatli, more or less pubescent above. Inflorescence glabroiLs; spines mostly slender. Leaf-blades narrow, rhombic-oblanceolate or eUiptic, scarcely lobed. Leaf-blades crenate; fruit 7-S mm. in diameter; nutlets 5. 1. C. saligna. Leaf-blades irregularly serrate; fruit 8-10 mm. in diameter; nutlets usually 4. 2. C. ricularis. Leaf-blades broad, rhombic, lobed and incised. 3. C. erythropoda. Inflorescence pubescent; spines short and stout; leaf-blades broad, ovate or obovate, somewhat lobed above the middle. 4. C. Douglasii. Fruit red or red-purple; leaves pubescent beneath, at least on the veins. Teeth of the leaves not glandxxlar; nutlets deeply pitted on the faces. 5. C. succulenta. Teeth of the leaves glandular; nutlets not pitted. Leaf-blades suborbicular. 6. C. chrysocarpa. Leaf-blades ovate, oval or obovate, more or less cuneate at the base. Leaf-bladesmostly5-9cm. long, with shallow, acute lobes. 7. C. IVilliamsii. Leaf-blades 2-6 cm. long, with deep, often acuminate lobes. 8. C. Columbiana. Family 62. AMYGDALACEAE. Plum Family. Drupe with pulpv exocarp; leaves not fascicled. 1. Pruxus. Drupe with almost dry exocarp, pubescent; leaves fascicled. 2. Emplectocladus. 1. PRUNUS L. Plums, Cherries. Flowers few, umbellate or corymbose. Fruit with a ventral groove and flat stone. (Plttms.) Leaves oval or orbicular, rounded at the apex. 1. P. subcordata. Leaves lanceolate to obovate, acute or acuminate. Trees or slu-ubs, usually spiny; leaves serrate to near the base. 2. P. americana. Low undershrub, unarmed; leaves entire at the base. 3. P. prunella. Fruit without a ventral groove; stone subglobose. (CHERRIES.) Creeping shrub: flowers umbellate. 4. P. Besseyi. Erect shrubs or trees. Hypanthium decidedly obconic; flowers umbellate from naked lateral buds. 5. P. Ignota. HM>ant Ilium campanulate or turbinate; flowers more or less corymbose. Leaves acute, serrate. Corvmbs naked. 6. P. pennsylramca. Corymb usually subtended by 1 or 2 leaves. 7. P. corymbulosa. Leaves obtuse or roimded at the apex, crenulate. Leaves glabrous. 8. P. emarpinata. Leaves pubescent. 9. P. prunifolia. Flowers many, racemose on leafy branches. (Choke Cherries.) Leaves more or less pubescent beneath. , ., , , . , Peduncles stout; pedicels pubescent, shorter than the frmt, deciduous; leaves thick. 10. P. vahda. PLUM FAMILY 129 Peduncles slender; pedicels glabrous, longer than the fruit, persistent: leaves rather tliin. 11. P. demissa. Leaves glabrous on both sides. 12. P. mclanocarpa. 2. EMPLECTOCLADUS Torr. Wild Almonds. l. E. fascicuhitus. Family 63. MIMOSACEAE. Mimosa Family. Legumes flat; valves not separating from the continuous margins. 1. Acuan. Legumes 4-angled; valves separating from the continuous margins. 2. Morongia. 1. ACUAN Medic. Prairie Mimosa. i. .4. ilUnoensis. 2. MORONGIA Biitton. Sensitive Brier. i. ^^. uncinata. Family 6i. CAESALPINIACEAE. Senna Family. Leaves bipinnate; anthers opening lengthwise. 1. Hoffmanseggi.v. Leaves simply pinnate; anthers opening by terminal pores. 2. Chamaecrista. 1. HOFFMANSEGGIA Cav. Leaves, flowers, and pods with black glandular dots; pod short, straight on the back or nearly so. I. H. Jamesii. Leaves, flowers, and pods without glandular dots. Pod about 7 mm, wide, strongly arcuate. 2. H. depranocarpa. Pod 12-14 mm. wide, str;ught or nearly so. 3. H. repens. 2. CHAMAECRISTA Moench. Partridge Pea, Sensitive Pea, Wild Sensitive Plant. l. C. fasciculata. Family 65. FABACEAE. Pea Family. Filaments distinct. Leaves pinnate. Tribe I. Sophoreae. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate. Tribe II. PoD.\LYRrEAE. Filaments monadelphous or diadelphous. Racliis of the leaves not produced into a tendril or bristle-like appendage, represent- ing the terminal leaflet. Fruit 2-valved or indehiscent, not a loment. Foliage not glandular-dotted. Anthers of 2 kinds; fllaments monadelphous: leaves digitate; calyx 2- lipped. Tribe III. Ge.visteae. Anthers all aUke; fllaments diadelphous; calyx .5-toothed. Leaflets toothed. Tribe IV. Trifolie.ve. Leaflets not toothed. Filaments all or at least 5 of them (alternately) dilated above; flowers umbellate, or solitary. Tribe V. Loteae. Filaments all flliform; flowers racemose or capitate. Herbs, shrubs, or trees; keel of the corolla neither curved nor coiled. Tribe VII. Galegeae. Herbaceous vines; keel of the corolla in ours coiled or at least curved. Tribe XI. Phaseoleae. Filaments all filiform; leaves odd-pinnate; flowers racemose or capitate. Tribe VII. Galege.ae. Foliage glandular-dotted. Pod prickly. Tribe VIII. Glycyrrhizeae. Pod not prickly. Tribe VI. Psoraleae. Fruit a loment, i. c, breaking up transversely into 1-seeded indeliiscent reticulate internodes. Tribe IX. Hedysareae. Rachis of the leaves produced into a tendril or bristle-like appendage. Tribe X. Vicieae. Tribe I. SOPHOREAE. One genus. 1. Sophora. Tribe II. PODALYRIEAE. One genus. 2. Thermopsi3. Tribe III. GENISTEAE. One genus. 3. Lupinxjs. Tribe IV. TRIFOLIEAE. Leaves digitate, in most 3-foliolate. 4. Trifolium. I^eaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Pod curved or coiled. 5. Medicago. Pod straight. 6. Melilotus. Tribe V. LOTEAE. Keel prolonged into an incurved beak: leaves odd-pinnate. Stipules foliaceous; flowers in umbels. 7. LOTUS. Stiptiles gland-like; flowers mostly solitary. 8. Acmispon. 14. 15. P.\ROSEL.\. Petalostemox. 16. ROBIXIA. 17. Peteria. 18. Phaca. 19. 20. CYsxruM. ONI.i. 130 FABACEAE Keel blunt, not beaked. Legumes straight or nearly so, acute, dehiscent. Stipules foliaceous; leaves regulaly odd-pinnate. 9. Hosacklv. Stipules gland-Uke; leaves irregularlj' even-pinnate. 10. Anisolotus. Legumes curved, indehiscent, caudate-acuminate. 11. Syrmatium. Tribe YI. PSORALEAE. Petal 1 (standard) ; leaves odd-pinnate. 12. Amorph.v. Petals 5. Wings and keel free from the filament-tube; ovules solitary; leaves digitate. 13. Psora LEA. Wings and keel more or less adnate to the filament-tube; o\'nles 2-6; leaves odd- pinnate. Stamens 9 or 10. Stamens 5. Tribe VII. GALEGEAE. Leaflets with stipels; pods margined on one edge; trees or shrubs. Leaflets without stipels; pods not margined; herbs or undershrubs. Stipules modified into spines. Stipules not modified into spines. Keel (lower petal) not produced into a beak. Leaves odd-Dinnate, or unifoUolate or simple. Pods papery, strongly inflated. Pods strictly 1-celled. Pods 2-ceUed. Pods terete or nearly so. Pods sharoly 3-angled in cross-section. Pods coriaceou-s or chartaceous, if tliin-walled, not inflated. Pods 2-ceUed with a perfect or nearly perfect partition. Pods fleshy, indehiscent or very tardily dehiscent. 21. Geopruimnon. Pods membranoiis, leathery or woody, dehiscent. Pods ovoid or oblong, rarely almost didymous, terete or vertically flattened, leathery or woody. 22. Astrag.\i.US. Pods Linear, somewhat laterally flattened, membranous. 23. H.^IOSA. Pods 1-celled, the partition, if any, rudimentary. Lower suture strongly intruded, making the pod sagittate or ob- cordato in cross-section; pod membranous, rarely leathery. 24. TiUM. Lower suture not intruded or merely slightly so; pods in the latter case woody. Pods woody or chartaceous, never flattened laterally; both sutxjres not prominent. Pods more or less stipitato. Pods with two grooves on the upper side, strictly 1-ceIled. 25. DiHOLCOS. Pods without grooves on the upper side, usually with a partial partiton. Leaves unifoliolate. 26. Jonesielia. Leaves odd-pinnate. 27. Rydbergiella. Pods sessile, usually without even a rudimentary partition. Valves of the pods not winged. Pods with a fleshy epicarp, in fruit cross-ribbed; leaf- lets obscurely articulated to the racliis, fieshy, nar- row. 2S. Ctenophyllum. Pods without fleshy epicarp; leaflets distinctly articu- lated to the rachis. Caly.x cylindrical; flowers large; plant mostly low and cespitose. 30. Xylophacos. Calyx campanulate; fiowers small. Corolla yellow; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, equalling the tube; stipules united; stem low. 29. C>rEMID0PHACO9. Corolla purple; calyx -lobes triangular, much shorter than the tube; stipules free or nearly so; stem tall and slender. 31. MirROPHACOS. Valves of the pods winged. 32. Pterophacos. Pods membranous, usually somewhat flattened laterally, if terete, both sutures prominent. Partial partition present. 33. Atelephr.vgma. Partial parcition wanting. Leaflets not spinulose-tipped; pods several-seeded. 34. HOALVLOBUS. Leaflets spinulose-tipped; pods 1-2-seeded. 35. Kextrophyta. Leaves digitately 3-foliolate. Flowers racemose. 36. Oreophaca. Flowers capitate (some species of). 4. Trifolium. Keel (lower petals) produced into a beak. 37. Aragallu.s. PEA FAMILY 131 Tribr VII. GLYCYRRHIZEAE. One genus. 38. Glycyrrhiza. Tribe IX. HEDYSARIEAE. Leaves odd-pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets, without stipels. Pods 4— several-seeded, neither spiny nor dorsally toothed. 39. HEDYS.'VRtTM. Pods 1-2-seeded, more or less spiny or toothed. 40. Oxobrychis. Leaves 3-foUolate, with stipels. 41. Meiboml\. Tribe X. VICIEAE. Style flliform, hairy all around and below the ape.K; stamen- tube usually oblique at the summit. 42. Vici.\. Style flattened towards the ape.K, hairy on the inner side; stamen-tube usually truncate or nearly so. 43. Lathyrus. Tribe XI. PHASEOLEAE. Leaves 5-7-foliolate ; style glabrous. 44. Apios. Leaves 3-foliolate; style bearded along the inner side. 45. Strophostyles. 1. SOPHORA L. 1. S. sericea. 2. THERMOPSIS R. Br. Yellow Pea, Golden Pea, Pr.\irie Beax. Leprae erect or ascending. Fruit straight. Legume strictly erect and anpressed to the peduncle, densely pubescent. Leaves strongly ascending; leaflets lance-oblong or oblanceolate ; stipules lanceolate oi oblong, more than twice as long as broad; raceme dense. 1. T. montana. Leaves spreading; leaflets rhombic-elliptic to elliptic-oblong; lower stipules at least ovate, verj oblique, less than twice as long as broad. Raceme lax; legume straight. 2. T. ovata. Raceme dense; legume somewhat curved. 4. T. xylorrhiza. Legume ascending, sparingly pubescent; stipules broad; raceme few-flowered. 3. T. pinetorum. Fruit arcuate with spreading tips. Legume 4-6 cm. long. 4. T. xylorrhiza. Legume 8-10 cm. long. 5. T. divaricarpa. Legume strongly divaricate or reflexed; inflorescence short. Fruit mostly horizontal, merely arcuate. 6. T. arenosa. Fruit reflexed, curved into half a circle or more. Leaves glabrous above. 7. T. rhombifolia. Leaves silvery on both sides. 8. T. annulocarpa. 3. LUPINUS (Tourn.) L. Lupine, Wolf's Bean, Blue Bonnet, Quaker Bonnet. Perennials with rootstocks; cotyledons petioled after germination. Plant tall, 3 dm. liigh or more. Stem with appressed hairs. Leaves glabrous above, at least in age. Flowers large, over 12 mm. long. Stem rather low and stout, canescent-strigose ; leaflets broadly ob- lanceolate. I. PLu\TTENSES. Stem glabrous or almost so, tall; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate. X. Polyphylli. Flowers small, less than 12 mm. long. II. Parvifix)RI. Leaves permanently pubescent above. Flowers yellow or ochroleucous. V. Sulphurei. Flowers blue, purple, or white. Calyx produced backwards into a distinct spur or sack. Spur of the calyx 2-3 mm. long. III. C.4.LCARATI. Spur of the calyx 1 mm. long or less. IV. Argophylli. Calyx merely gibbous at the base, not produced backwards. Plant green, usually not densely hairy; pubescence short, or if longer, very sparse. Keel moderately curved, lunate, the upper portion longer than the lower. VI. Albicaules. Keel strongly curved, the upper portion shorter than the lower. VII. FOLIOSI. Plant densely silvery or canescent with long hairs. Stem leafy; pubescence of the leaves appressed. VIII. Ornatx. Stem leafy at the base ordy, pubescence of the leaves longer and looser. XIV. Lepidi. Stem with spreading pubescence. Leaflets glabrous above, at least in age; flowers large. Bracts Unear-subulate, long-attenuate, almost setaceous, much exceeding the flower-buds. IX. Cytisdides. Bracts lanceolate, scarcely exceeding the flower-buds. Stem tall, leafy tliroughout; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate, acute. X. POLYPHYLLI. stem low, stout, leafy mostly towards the base; leaflets broadly ob- lanceolate or spatulate, mucronate. XI. Ajvixophili. 132 FAB ACE AE Leaflets permanently pubescent above. Pubescence of the stem of one kind, usually short, except in L. comatus. XII. Cyaxei. Pubescence of the stem of two kinds, \az., a short and dense under-pube.s- cence and scattered long silky hairs. XIII. Leucophylli. Plant low, less than 3 dm. liigh, densely cespitose. Inflorescence much exceeding the leaves. Leaves mostly basal; petioles many times longer than the leaflets. XIV. Lepidi. Leaves mostly cauline; petioles of the cauUne leaves only sUghtly, if at all, exceeding the leaflets in length. Leaves densely canescent. XV. C.\NDic.\JvrTE3. Leaves green. XVI. MoxTicOLAE. Inflorescence not exceeding the leaves. XVII. Caespitosi. Annuals. Cotyledons after germination petioled; pods 3-4-seeded. XVIII. CoxciNNl. Cotyledons after germination sessile, persistent, clasping the stem; pod 2-seeded. XIX. PUSILU. I. PL-^TTEXSES. One species. 1. L. plattensis. II. Parviflori. Calyx spurred or saccate at the base, appressed-silky ; banner pubescent on the back; keel ciliate. Leaflets oblanceolate, flat; racemes comparatively dense; flowers numerous, sub- verticiUate. 2. L. pseudoparviflorus. Leaflets linear, condupUcate; flowers scattered in a lax raceme. 3. L. stenophyllus. Calyx somewhat gibbous at the base, but not produced backwards into a spur or sack. Inflorescence, pedicels, and calyces finely white-silky with strictly appressed hairs. Flowers 1.5 mm. long; corolla white. 4. L. leucanthus. Flowers 12 mm. long or less; corolla purple or blue. Banner somewhat silky on the back ; lower Up of the catyx twice as long as the upper; keel ciliate on the margins. 5. L. Scheuberae. Banner glabrous; keel not ciliate. Lower lip of the calyx only slightly longer than the upper; flowers about 10 mm. long; plant green. 6. L. laiispicus. Lower Up of the calyx much longer than the upper; corolla about 8 mm. long; plant silvery. 7. L. tenellus. Inflorescence, pedicels, and calyces more loosely pubescent ; hairs at least in age spread- ing. Flowers middle-sized, 8-12 mm. long. Banner pubescent on the back; plant silvery. 8. L. argenteus. Banner glabrous; plant green. Calyx strongly gibbous at the base; keel glabrous; stem purplish. 9. L. rubricaulis. Calyx not strongly gibbous; stem green. iBanner blue or purplish, not dark-spotted. Lower lip of the calyx about twice as long as the upper; leaves broadly oblanceolate. 10. L. spathulatus. Lower Up of the calyx only slightly longer than the upper ; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate. 11. L. alpestris. Banner light blue with a dark spot. 12. L. maculalus. Flowers about 6 mm. long. Leaflets narrowly oblanceolate. Lips of the calj-x acutely 2- and 3-toothed. 13. L. floribundus. Lips of the calyx obtuse, merely retuse. 14. L. leptostachyus. Leaflets broadly oblanceolate. 15. L. parviflorus. III. Calc.vr.-vti. One species 16. L. calcaratus. IV. Argophylli. Lower lip of the calyx about half longer than the upper ; leaflets linear-oblanceolate. Petals and caly.x-lobes narrow; wings fully twice as long as broad; lower Up of calyx narrowly lanceolate: plant greener: inflorescence lax. 17. L. lariflorus. Petals and "calyx-lobes broad; lower lip of the calyx broadly lanceolate; plant silvery white; Inflorescence dense. 18. L. aduncus. Lower lip of the calyx about twice as long as the upper ; leaflets broadly lanceolate. Leaflets equally "silvery white on both sides, usuaUy condupUcate; their backs usually curved. 19. L. argenlinus. Leaflets grajish canescent, greener aboA-e, flat. 20. L. lupinus. V. SUIJ'HUREI. Flowers 12-14 mm. long; uoper lip of calyx about 8 mm. long. 21. L. flavescens. Flowers 1 cm. long or less; upper lip of calyx very short, only 4 mm. long. Inflorescence loosely pubescent; flowers about 10 mm. long. 22. L. sulphureus. Inflorescence fliielyappressed-silky ; flowers about 8 mm. long. 23. L. lucidulus. VI. Albicaules. One species. 24. L. albicaulis. PEA FAMILY 133 VII. FOLIOSI. Flowers about 15 mm. long; pube.scence long, sparse. 11. L. alpestris. Flowers 8-12 mm. long; pubescence short. Banner glabrous. Bracts linear-subulate, long-attenuate, 8-12 mm. long, longer tnan the buds. Flowers dark blue, ascending, in lax racemes; caly.K appressed-silky. 25. L. adscendens. Flowers white in dense racemes, spreading; calyx with spreading hairs. 26. L. ingratus. Bracts lanceolate, short-acuminate, 4-7 mm. long; flowers spreading; calyx with short spreading hairs. Flowers dark blue or dark purple; stems simple, low, 1-3 dm. high, from a cespitose caudex. Pubescence of the stem and leaves short. 27. L. Alacounii. Pubescence of the stem and leaves rather long. 70. L. monlicola. Flowers hlac or rose-colored, rarely white; plant tall, 3-8 dm. Mgh, branched. 28. L.foliosus. Banner more or less pubescent. Corolla light blue or lilac, 7-8 mm. long; keel glabrous. 29. L. laxus. Corolla 8-10 mm. long; keel clliate on the margins. Corolla dark blue or purple; stems mostly simple. 30. L. pulcherrimus. Corolla light blue, or lilac, or pink; stem much branched. 8. L. argenteus. VIII. Ornati. Bracts subulate, much longer than the flower-buds. 31. L. flexuosus. Bracts ovate or lanceolate, rarely exceeding the flower-buds. Flowers less than 12 mm. long. Flowers 6-7 mm. long. 32. L. tenuispicus. Flowers 8-10 mm. long. 33. L. Greenei. Flowers over 12 mm. long. Stem few-leaved, only slightly exceeding the long petioles of the basal leaves. Pubescence of the leaves long and rather loose, hirsute rather than silky. 34. L. Rydbergii. Pubescence of the leaves fine and short, strictly appressed and silky. Pubescence of the calyx and pedicels short, loose and spreading. 35. L. hurnicola. Pubescence of the calyx and pedicel densely and finely appressed-pubes- cent, silky. 36. L. Hellerae. Stems very leaf>, many times exceeding the basal leaves. Flowers 15-20 mm. long; pubescence at least on the inflorescence brownish in age. 37. L. ornatus. Flowers 10-14 mm long; pubescence white-silky. 38. L. leucopsis. IX. Cytisoides. Stem araclmoid-villous ; flowers 18-20 mm. long. 39. L. nootkntensis. Stem sparingly hairy or glabrous; flowers 10-15 mm. long. Stem decidedly pubescent with long spreading hairs. Banner only sUghtly shorter than the wings; i)lant 2-7 dm. liigh. 40. L. Wyethii. Banner much shorter than the wings; plant about 10 dm. high. Kacemes dense; flowers about 12 mm. long, dark blue, verticillate, leaflets ol)lanceolate, long-hairy beneath. 41. L. amplus. Racemes lax; flowers about 10 mm. long, Ught blue or white, mostly singly; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate, short-hairy beneath. 42. L. marianits. Stem glabrous or nearly so. Calyx and bracts \-illous. 43. L. Burkei. Calyx and bracts appressed-silky. 44. L. cytisoides. X. POLYPHYLLI. Stem decidedly hairy; leaflets oblanceolate. 45. L- glabrntus. Stem glabrous or nearly so; leaflets narrowly oblanceolate. 46. L. polyphyllus. XI. Ammophii.1. Keel ciUate on the margins ; leaves rather thick. 47. L. ammophilus. Keel glabrous; leaves thin. 45. L. glabratus. XII. Cyanet. Pubescence of the stem long; leaves greener. 48. L. comatus. Pubescence rather short, leaves canescent or silvery. Pubescence of the leaves appressed. Corolla blue; banner with a Ught spot. Bracts linear-lanceolate to subulate, 5-8 mm. long. Corolla 12-14 mm. long; leaflets 3-7 era. long. 49. L. sericeus. Corolla 10 mm. long or less; leaflets 2-3 cm. long. 50. L. apronosus. Bracts lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long. Leaflets densely pubescent above; corolla about 12 mm. long. 51. L. Bakeri. Leaves sparingly pubescent or glabrate above; corolla about 10 mm. long. 52. L. cyaneus. Corolla at flrst white; banner turning purplish; no light spot. 53. L. dichrous. 134 FABACEAE Pubescence of the leaves long and loose; corolla light purple or pink; banner with a dark spot. o^- L. fiavicaulis. XIII. Leucophylli. Racemes elongate, 1-3 dm. long, terminal. Flowers numerous in a very long and dense raceme. Bracts lanceolate, not much longer than the buds. Pubescence not very dense. Pubescence on the leaves appressed. 5.5. L. macrostachys. Pube.scence on the leaves shoit, spreading. 56. L. retrorsus. Pubescence very dense, in age more or less rusty, and rather loose. 57. L. leucophyllus. Bracts subiilate, much exceeding the buds; flowers about 16 mm. long. Pubescence of the leaves long and loose. 58. L plumosus. Pubescence of the leaves short, appressed. 59. L. Jonesii. Flowers in a long, but lax raceme. 60. L. barbiger. Racemes short, 3-5 cm. long, terminating short divaricate branches. 61. L. ramosus. XIV. Lepidi. Stem trailing or decumbent. 62. L. depressus. Stem erect or ascending, if at all decumbent, only so at the base. Pubescence of the stem and leaves loose. 63. L. aridus. Pubescence of the stem and leaves appressed. Flowers 7-10 mm. long; stem mostly 1-leaved or leafless; pubescence short. Racemes short, dense, 2-5 cm. long; flowers about 10 long. 64. L. minimus. Racemes elongate, 8-9 cm. long; flowers 7-8 mm. long. 65. L. erectus. Flowers 12 mm. long or moie; stem with several stem-leaves; pubescence long. 66. L. lepidus. XV. Candicantes. Flowers 9-10 mm. long or more. Peduncles short; raceme elongate. 67. L. psoralioides. Peduncles elongate; racemes short. 68. L. candicans. Flowers 6-7 mm. long. 69. L. Evermanmi. XVI. MONTICOLAE. Flowers 9-10 mm. long; petals dark blue; banner with a light spot. 70. L. monticola. Flowers 7-8 mm. long; petals light rose, turning yellowish. 71. L. roseolas. XVII. Caespitosi. Plant loosely pubescent with long hairs. Racemes very short and dense, sessile; bracts lanceolate, about equalling the flowers; pubescence rather appressed. 72. L. caespitosus. Racemes elongate; bracts subulate, exceeding the flowers; pubescence spreading. 73. L. Watsonii. Plant densely canescent. 74. L. Cusickii. XVIII. CONCINXI. One species. 75. L. micensis. XIX. PUSILLI. Racemes dense, subcapitate; lower lip of the calyx 2-3-toothed. Plant almost stemless; lower lip of the calyx oval or ovate. 76. L. brevicaulis. Plant with distinct leafy stem; lower lip of the calyx oblong-lanceolate. 77. L. Kingii. Racemes more elongate and less dense; lower Up of the calyx entire. Peduncles much exceeding the leaves. 78. L. scaposus. Peduncles very short, shorter than the petioles. Racemes lax, usually much exceeding the leaves; lower part of the calyx and pedicels glabrous. 79. L. rubens. Racemes dense, sUghtly if at all exceeding the leaves; calyx and pedicels densely hirsute. 80. L. pusillus. 4. TRIFOLIUM (Tourn.) L. Clover, Trefoil. Heads not involucrate; bracts inconspicuous. Leaflets 5-7. I- Macrocephal.\. Leaflets 3. Plants mostly tall; stem leafv; perennials with rootstocks. Corolla yellow. XII. AGRARL\. Corolla white, red, or purple. Calyx hairy. Heads oblong. II. Plumosa. Heads spherical. Heads sessile; corolla red-purple; free portion of the stipule.s ovate. III. Pr.\ten.sia. Heads long-peduncled ; corolla white or pink; free portion of the stipules elongate-lanceolate. IV. Longipedl\. Calyx glabrous. Peduncles terminal; corolla dark red or purple. V. Altissima. Peduncles axillary; corolla white or rose-colored. VI. Repentia. PEA FAMILY 135 Plants low, pulvinate-cespitose perennials; stems scapiform. Calyx glabrous; leaflets minutely denticulate. VII. Nana. Calyx pubescent. Leaflets oval or obovate, strongly veined, and sharply dentate. VIII. Gtmnocarpa. Leaflets lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire-margined and not strongly veined. IX. Dasyphyli-a. Heads more or less involucrate by rather conspicuous, usually more or less united bracts. Plants low, densely cespitose, subacaulescent ; bracts if at all luiited only at the base, not aristate. Plant densely pubescent. X. Andtx.\. Plants glabroius. XI. Parryaxa. Plants with elongated leafj stem; bracts united to a monophyllous involucre; leaflets in ours spinulose denticulate. XII. Involucrata. I. Macrocephala. One species. 1. T. macrocephalum. II. Plxbiosa. One species. 2. T. plumosum. III. Pratensia. One species. 3. T. pratense. IV. LONGIPEDIA. stem with spreading villous pubescence. Calyx two-thirds as long as the corolla; teeth 2-3 times as long as the calyx-tube. 4. T. eriocephalum. Calyx scarcely half as long as the corolla; teeth only slightly longer than the tube. 5. T. villi feruni. Stem appressed-pubescent or glabrous. Banner broad, obtuse; calyx about one-third as long as the corolla. 6. T. macilentum. Banner narrow, acute or acutish; calyx one-half to one-tliird as long as the corolla. Plant cespitose from a woody root; stem ascending; corolla salmon-colored. 7. T. Rusbyi. Plant erect, with a creeping rootstock. Calyx-teeth a Uttle longer than the tube, the upper ones scarcely exceeding it in length; plant usually less than 1.5 dm. high; corolla white. 8. T. orbiculatum. Calyx-teeth much exceeding the tube, the lower twice as long or nearly so; plant usually over 1.5 dm. liigh. Lower part of the calyx glabrous, upper part and the teeth villous, with sDreading hairs; corolla rose or purple. Flowers 13-15 mm. long, reflexed in fruit. 9. T. confusum. Flowers 10-12 mm. long. Flowers reflexed in fruit; lateral veins of leaves arched. 10. T. harneyense. Flowers not reflexed; lateral veins of the leaves not arched. 11. T. pedunculatum. Calyx hairy throughout; corolla white or yellowish white, rarely pinkish. Flowers not reflexed in fruit. 12. T. longipes. Flowers reflexed in fruit. Pedicels 1.5-3 mm. long; leaflets broadly oval, ovate, or obovate. Stem low, decumbent, 1-3 dm. liigh; leaflets usually broadly obovate or oval. 13. T. lati folium. Stem tall, erect, 3-4 dm. high; leaflets ovate. 14. T. Aitonii. Pedicels almost none; leaflets Unear-oblong to narrowly oval. 15. T. Rydbergii. V. Altissima. Calyx-teeth twice as long as the tube, contorted; leaflets linear to elliptic. 16. T. Douglasii. Calyx-lobes scarcely longer than the tube; leaflets oval to elhptic or lanceolate. Leaflets broad and obtuse; flowers about 1.5 cm. long. 17. T. Beckwithii . Upper leaflets lanceolate, acuminate; flowers about 1 cm. long. 18. T. Kingii. VI. Repentia. Plant ascending; corolla rose or pink, rarely white. 19. T. hybridum. Plant creeping; corolla wliite or tinged with pink. 20. T. repens. VII. Nana. Heads 1-3-flowered; flowers not reflexed; calyx-teeth lanceolate; caudex thick, densely cespitose, with short branches. 21. T. nanum. Heads several-flowered; flowers reflexed; calyx-teeth subulate; branches of the caudex more slender and elongate. Corolla piirple, 15-20 mm. long. 22. T. Brandegei. Corolla white or light rose, 10-15 mm. long. 23. T. Haydenii. VIII. Gymnocarpa. Flowers 10-12 mm. long. 24. T. subacaulescens. Flowers about 8 mm. long. 25. T. gymnocarpon. 136 FABACEAE IX. Dasyphylla. Flowers reflexed in fruit; bracts minute, truncate and toothed. Caly.x two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the corolla, its teeth fully twice as long as the tube. 26. T. stenolobum. Calv.ic about half as long as the corolla, its teeth only slightly longer than the tube. Banner acuminate; leaflets linear-lanceolate. 27. T. aUeiiuatum. Banner obtuse, minutely mucronate; leaflets oblong-lanceolate to elUptic. 28. T. brarteolatum. Flowers not reflexed in fruit; bracts more conspiciious, lanceolate to subulate, long- attenuate, except in the first species. Leaves as well as the whole plant densely silvery-white. 29. T. anemophilum. Leaves green or brown, though somewhat sUky. Bracts narrow, 1-nerved; leaflets broadest at or below the middle. Calyx-teeth only slightly longer than the tube; bracts glabrous, much exceed- ing the calyx-tube. 30. T. lividum. Calyx-teeth fully twice as long as the tube; bracts pubescent, sUghtly if any exceeding the calyx-tube. Banner white or ochroleucous, merely tinged with piu-ple; wings and keel dark purple; pubescence rather loose. 31. T. dasyphyllum. Banner as well as the other petals reddish purple; pubescence appressed. 32. T. scariosuin. Bracts broader, 3-nerved; leaflets broader above the middle. 33. T. uintense. X. Andina. One species. 34. T. andinum. XI. Parryana. Banner long-acute, much exceeding the wings ; bracts ovate, exceeding the calyx, strongly purple-veined. 33. T. salictorum. Banner bhmt, shghtly exceeding the wings. Calyx-teeth only shghtly unequal; bracts exceeding the calyces; upper stipules broadly obovate. 36. T. Parryi. Upper calyx-teeth much shorter than the lower; bracts not exceeding the calyces; upper stipules ovate. Peduncles 1-2 dm. long; bracts ovate. 37. T. inaequale. Peduncles less than 1 dm. long; bracts obovate in outline. 38. T. montanense. XII. lNVOLUCR.\TA. Perennials. Banner white; wings and keel tipped with dark purple; calyx-teeth twice as long as the tube. 39. T. spinulosum. Banner as well as the other petals purple; calyx-teeth a little longer than the tube. Corolla 12-15 mm. long; involucres to about the middle. 40. T. Fendleri. CoroUa about 10 mm. long; involucres cleft to below the middle. 41. T. oxydon. Annuals. Involucres much shorter than the flowers, not scarious; teeth long. Leaflets obovate or elhptic. Flowers 7-8 mm. long. 42. T. variegatum. Flowers more than 1 cm. long. 43. T. subsalinum. Leaflets Unear. 44. T. oliganthum. Involucres almost eqiiaUing the flowers, scarious at least below, its teeth short or none. Involucres glabrous, 8-10 mm. liigh, its lobes toothed; calyx-teeth ternately divided, with setiforra branches. 45. T. cyanlhiferum. Involucres hairy, 5-7 mm. high, its lobes entire; calyx-teeth simple. 46. T. microcephalum. XIII. Agraria. One species. 47. T. procumbens. 5. MEDICAGO (Tourn.) L. Medick, Alfalfa, Lucerne, Nonesuch. Pod unarmed. Perennial, erect; corolla violet or blue; fruit spirally coiled in 2-3 turns. 1. M. satira. Annual, prostrate; corolla yellow; fruit merely curved. 2. M. lupulina. Pod prickly, densely spirally coiled, in 2-3 turns; corolla yellow. 3. M. hispida. 6. MELILOTUS (Tourn.) Hill. Sweet Clover, Honey Clover. Corolla wMte; banner a little longer than the wings. 1. M. alba. Corolla yellow; banner about equalling the wings. 2. M. officinalis. 7. LOTUS (Tourn.) L. Bird's-foot Trefoil. i. L. tenuis. 8. ACMISPON Raf. Leaves subsessile; petiolule of the terminal leaflet ascending. 1. A. americanus. Leaves distinctly petioled; petiolule of the terminal leaflet reflexed, or at least spreading. 2. A. elatus. 9. HOSACKIA Dougl. Bird's-foot. i. H. bicolor. PEA FAMILY 137 10. ANISOLOTUS Beinh. Deer-weed. Annual; plant villous; flowers subsessile in the axils of the leaves. 1. A. brachycarpus. Perennials; plant appressed-pubescent ; flowers mostly several together, on a peduncle (e.xcept often in No. 2). Leaflets closely crowded on the very short racliis, oblanceolate to linear; peduncles less than 5 cm. long; stem erect. Inflorescence 1-2-flowered, usually subsessile in the axils of the leaves; calyx-teeth equalling the tube. 2. A. Wrightii. Inflorescence 2-5-flowered, distinctly peduncled; calyx-teeth shorter than the tube. 3. A. puberulus. Leaflets not crowded on the evident racliis; stem decumbent. Flowers about 1 cm. long; pedimcles 1-2 cm. long; leaflets linear-oblong. 4. A. nummularius. Flowers 12-15 mm. long; pedimcles 4-10 cm. long. Leaflets Unear to oblong; bracts longer than the calyx; pods divaricate or re- fle.xed. 5. ^1. longebracteatus. Leaflets obovate or cimeate; bracts shorter than the calyx; pods erect or ascending. 6. A. rigidus. 11. SYRMATIUM Vogel. l. S. dccumbens. 12. AMORPHA L. False Indigo, Shoe-strings. Tall shrub; leaflets 2-5 cm. long; pods usually 2-seeded; leaves petioled; pod curved. 1. A. angusti folia. Low shrubs; leaflets 0.5-1.5 cm. long; pods 1-seeded. Glabrous or nearly so; spikes usuallj solitary at the end of the branches; leaves peti- oled; pod straight. 2. A. nana. Densely canescent; spikes usually clustered; leaves subsessile; pod curved. 3. A. canescens. 13. PSORALEA L. Pomme de Prairie, Pomme Blanche, Bread-root, Indian Turnip. Flowers small, less than 8 mm. long, in racemes or interrupted spikes; root not tuberous; pod indehlscent. (Psoralidium.) Stem-leaves reduced to scales. 1. P. juncea. Stem leaves all 3-5-foliolate. Flowers in racemes, i. e., distinctly pedicelled. Pods globose; corolla white, only the keel tipped with purple. Racemes short and dense, elliptic oi oblong; calyx-lobes obtuse. Leaflets linear to lance-oblong; fruit glabrous or sparingly strigose. Leaflets lance-oblong to linear. 2. P. lanceolata. Leaflets narrowly linear. 3. P. micrantha. Leaflets spatulate or obovate; friiit long-villous. 4. P. Purshii. Racemes lax, elongate, caly.x-lobes acute. Leaves oblanceolate; pod densely villous. 5. P. stenostachys. Leaves narrowly linear; pod strigose. 6. P. stenophylla. Pods ovoid; corolla blue or purplish; raceme elongate, lax. Leaflets from linear-oblanceolate to obovate; pods with short beaks. 7. P. tenuiflora. Leafletsnarrowly linear; pods with longer beaks. 8. P. linearifolia. Flowers in interrupted spikes. I^eaves not silvery below; flowers about 6 mm. long; bracts minute. 9. P. collina. Leaves silvery-wliite at least below; flowers 7-8 mm. long; bracts at least half as long as the calyx. Leaflets oval; bracts lanceolate, acuminate; calyx not inflated in fruit. 10. P. argophylla. Leaflets linear; bracts obovate; calyx inflated in fruit. 11. P. digitata. Flowers large, over 1 cm. long, in dense, head-like spikes; plant with a deep-seated, tuberous, farinaceous root; pod long-beaked, circumscissile or bursting irregularly. (Pediomelum.) Tall, leafy and branched, usually over 4 dm. high ; strigose throughout; lower calyx- teeth cuspidate-acuminate. 12. P. cuspidata. Low and more simple, 1-3 dm. liigh; lower calyx-teeth not cuspidate-acuminate. Plants with long scattered hairs, not cinereoiLs; leaflets linear to obovate. Stem and pedimcles hirsute, with spreading pubescence; lower calyx-lobe not much larger than the rest. 13. P. esculenla. Stem, short peduncles and pedicels, with appressed pubescence; lower calyx- lobe much broader than the rest. 14. P. hypogaea. Plant cinereous, with short appressed pubescence; leaflets broadly obovate or rounded-spatulate. Lowest calyx-lobe not much longer than the rest. Petioles with appressed pubescence; corolla nearly 2 cm. long. 15. P. megalantha. Petioles with spreading or reflexed hairs; corolla about 12 mm. long. 16. P. mephitica. Lowest caly.x-lobe obovate or spatulate, obtuse, much larger than the rest. 17. P. casiorea. 14. PAROSELA Cav. "Wing- and keel-petals inserted at the base of the staminal tube; pods exceeding the calyx; shrubs. (Xylodalea.) 138 FAB ACE AE Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube, the upper two much broader than the rest. Leaflets 1-7, oblong or elliptic. 1. P. Fremontii. Leaflets 5-11, linear or linear-oblanceolate. 2. P. Johnsoni. Calyx-lobes equalling the tube, all lanceolate, nearly similar. 3. P. amoena. Wing- and keel-petals adnate to or inserted on the staminal tube, some distance from the base; pod shorter than the calyx; mostly herbs, rarely shrubs (Eudalea). Stem and leaves glabroxis. Annual; spike den.se, cyUndric. 4. P. alopecuroides. Perennial; spike either rather lax or few-flowered. Plant herbaceous: spike lax, elongate, several-flowered; bracts obovate, per- sistent, enclosing the calyx. 5. P. enneandra. Plant shrubby; spike head-like, 2-10-flowered, very short; bracts ovate, de- ciduous. 6. P. formosa. Stem and leaves pubescent. Calyx-lobes short, ovate, not subulate-tipped; spike lax; prostrate or decumbent villous herbs. 7. P. lanata. Calyx-lobes subulate-tipped, longer tlian the tube; plants erect or decimibent, with a short cespitose caudex; spike dense. Leaves 3-foliolate. 8. P. Jamesii. Leaves 5-foliolate. Stem low, 1-2 dm. liigh, decumbent at the base; spike sessile or short- peduncled. 9. P. carnescens. Stem tall, 3-5 dm. high, with the upper leaves reduced and spike rather long-pedtmcled. 10. P. aurea. 15. PETALOSTEMON Michx. Prairie Clover. Calyx glabrous except the teeth; corolla white. Spikes compact; bracts longer than the buds; leaflets 1.5-2.5 cm. long. 1. P. candidus. Spikes looser; bracts shorter than the buds; leaflets usually less than 1.5 cm. long. 2. P. oligophyllus. Calvx pubescent. Corolla white or yellow; spike long and compact. Leaves glabrous ; corolla white or ochroleucous. 3. P. compactus. Leaves sparingly silky; corolla yellow. 4. P. flavescens. Corolla rose or purple, very rarely white. Leaflets mostly 5, linear or nearly so. Pubescence of the calyx long silky-pilose; bracts lanceolate, acute; leaflets of the lower leaves oblong, obovate, or cuneate. Bracts glabrous or short-pilose. 5. P. Searlsiae. Bracts silky, long-pilose. 6. P. ornatus. Pubescence of the calyx dense and short; bracts ovate, villous, with a long subulate glabrous acumination. Leaflets linear, conspicuously glandular-dotted; bracts longer than the calyces. Stem and leaves glabrotis or sparingly hairy. 7. P. purpureus. Stem and leaves densely \-illous. 8. P. mollis. Leaflets spatulate-linear, not glandular-dotted; bracts shorter than the calyces. 9. P. pubcscens. Leaflets 7-17, oblong. 10. P. villosus. 16. ROBINIA L. Locust-tree. Inflorescence, leaves and fruit glabrous. 1. R. Pseudacacia. Inflorescence and fruit hispid; leaves flnely puberulent. 2. R. neomexicana. 17. PETERIA A. Gray. Leaflets linear-elliptic or lanceolate, acute and mucronate, 2-6 mm. long, or wanting ; corolla 12-15 mm. long. , , . . 1. P. scopana. Leaflets broadly elliptic, oval, or obovate, rounded and mucronate at the apex, 8-15 mm. long. 2. P. Thompsonae. 18. PHACA L. Rattle-weed, Rattle-pod. Upper suture of the pod not acute ; pod circular or oval in cross-section. Pod stipitate. , , . , ^, ^, Pod long-stipitate, not mottled; stipe longer than the calyx. Pod pendent; flowers ochroleucous. 1. P. americana. Pod on an ascending stipe; flowers purplish. 2. P. ampularia. Pod short-stipitate; stipe scarcely exceeding the calyx. Pod not mottled, erect or ascending. Pod ashv-strigose, with minute hairs. Pods silicate above; leaflets broad. 3. P. Wetnenlhi. Pod not sulcate; leaflets narrow. 4. P. allochroa. Pod glabrous. Flowers purplish; racemes long-pedimcled ; pods about 2 cm. long. 5. P. Eastwoodiae. Flowers white; racemes short-peduncled ; pods 3-4 cm. long. 6. P. lulosa. Pod mottled, spreading or reflexed. Leaflets linear or none; plant grayish pubescent. , . , ^ , Terminal leaflet none, represented by the much produced rachis ; lateral leaflets often also lacking. 7. P. longifoha. PEA FAMILY 139 Leaflets present; racliis not produced. Stem canescent, 1-2 dm. liigh; calyx-teeth subulate. 8. P. picta. Stem glabrous or nearly so, 3-5 dm. high; calyx-teeth triangular. 9. P. Cusickii. Leaflets elliptic to broadly oval or obcordate. Plant glabrous. 10. P. artipes. Plant canescent. 11. P. Hookeriana. Pod sessile. Pod more than 12 mm. long. Plant densely cespitose, almost stemless; pod 3.5-5 cm. long. 12. P. megacarpa. Plant distinctly caulescent and leafy; pod 3 cm. long or less. Whole plant glabrous. 13. P. Wardii. Plant, including the pods, pubescent. Calyx-teeth very short, scarcely one-tliird as long as the tube. 14. P. subcinerea. Calyx-teeth subulate, fully as long as the tube. Plant appressed-pubescent, cespitose and much branched. Stem ascending. Inflorescence scarcely equalling the leaves; pod 2-2.5 cm. long; corolla ochroleucous. 15. P. Candolleana. Inflorescence exceeding the leaves; pod 12-15 mm . long; corolla piu'ple. 16. P. cerussata. Stem decumbent. 17. P. serpens. Plant with short spreading pubescence; stem simple, elongate. 18. P. Silerana. Pod 8-12 mm. long. Stem slender and much branched, usually more than 1 dm. high; leaflets more than 5 mm. long, flat, oblong, oval, or obovate. Leaflets 5-11 pairs. Plant sUghtly strigose. Pod ovoid; plant 3-6 dm. liigh; racemes many-flowered. 19. P. Bodinii. Pod ellipsoid; plant iisually less than 3 dm. high; racemes few- flowered. 20. P. leptalea. Plant densely hirsutulous. 18. P. Silerana. Leaflets 4-6 pairs; plant more or less grayish-pubescent; pod globose-ovoid. 21. P. microcystis. Stem densely pulvinate-cespitose, with a thick caudex, only a few centimeters high; leaflets minute, linear or lanceolate, conduplicate, 1-4 mm. long. Racliis of the leaves not spinose; pod slightly puberulent, mottled, 1 cm. long. 22. P. jejuna. Rachis of the leaves spinose; pod wliite-pubescent, 4-6 mm. long. 23. P. humiUima. Upper suture of the pod straight or curved upwards, acute ; pod in cross-section obovate, triangular-obovate, or slightly cordate. Plant, including the pods, perfectly glabrous, 2 dm. high or more; pods stipitate, somewhat leathery. Corolla oclu-oleucous; calyx-teeth nearly equalling the tube. 24. P. Beckwithii. Corolla purple; calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube. 25. P. arlemisiarum. Plant, including the pods, more or less hairy; pods sessile. Pods much over 1 cm. long, usually not mottled. Pods strongly inflexed; flowers wliite or ochroleucous, tinged with purple. 26. P. pubentissima. Pods not strongly incurved ; upper suture straight or nearly so ; flowers ochro- leucous. Plant strictly annual. Plant cinereous, with short hairs ; pods puberulent. 27. P. annua. Plant, including the pods, grajash hoary. 28. P. sabulonum. Plant perennial or at least biennial, cespitose, low. Flowers mostly subsessile in the axils of the leaves; racemes if ped- uncled 2-3-flowered; leaflets mostly over 1 cm. long, appressed-hairy. 29. P. elatiocarpa. ' Flowers in peduncled several-flowered racemes; leaflets mostly less than Icm.long, loosely hairy beneath, glabrate above. 30. P. loti flora. Pods about 1 cm. long, mottled; plant diffusely cespitose. 31. P. sesquiflora. 19. CYSTIUM Stev. Plant cespitose, less than 1 dm. high, canescent, nearly stemless; pod not ciirved. 1. C. platytrope. Plant with elongate stems, 1-4 dm. high. Plant silvery canescent-strigose; corolla pinkish. 2. C. Coulteri. Plant glabrous or slightly strigose, not silvery. Corolla purple. " 3. C. diphysum. Corolla white or yellowish, purple only at the tip. Pod more than 1.5 cm. long. Pod short-ovoid, only slightly cm-ved. 4. C. heliophilum. Pod elongate-ovoid, strongly curved. Calyx-teeth at least half as long as the tube; corolla 8-9 mm. long. 5. C. lentiginosum. 140 FABACEAE Calj'x-teeth about one-fourth as long as the tube; corolla about 12 mm. long. 6. C. araneosum. Pod 1-1.5 cm. long. 7. C. salinum. 20. ONIX Stev. 1. O. Mulfordae. 21. GEOPRUMNON Rydb. Buffalo Beans, Ground Plums, Buffalo Peas, Prairie Apples. Pods pubescent, abruptly pointed. 1. G. plattcnse. Pods glabrous, pointless. Corolla purple: leaflets oblong to linear. 2. G. crassicarpum. Corolla yellowish-white, with purple keel; leaflets oval or obovate. 3. G. succulentum. 22. ASTRAGALUS (Tourn.) L. Loco Weed, Milk Vetch. Plants cespitose, subscapose, \'illous-pubescent ; pods sulcata on both sutures. I. Mollissimi. Plants with elongate leafy stems. Pods not sulcata or slightly so on the lower suture, round or nearly so in cross-section. II. UUGINOSI. Pod deeply sulcate on the lower suture, cordate or triangular in cross-section. Leaves and stems strigose or glabrata; pods several-seeded. III. Hypoglottides. Leaves and stem villous; pods few-seeded. IV. Spaldixgl\ni. I. Mollissimi. Pod glabrous, deeply sulcata. Pod villous, slightly sulcata. Cal.vx densely villous; leaflets 6-12 pairs. Pods perfectly 2-celled; raceme elongate. The cells of the pod confluent at the apa.x ; raceme short. Calyx sparingly nigrescent; leaflets 3-6 pairs. 1. A. mollissimus. 2. A. Bigelovii. 3. A. Thompsonae. 4. A. anisus. II. Uliginosi. Pod straight or nearly so. Caly.x-tube 4-6 mm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Bracts linear-lanceolate, long-attenuate, the lower almost as long as the calyces; calyx-teeth all narrow, subulate, fully half as long as the tube; pod glabrous. 5. A. canadensis. Bracts ovate to lanceolate, scarcely half as long as the calyces; calyx-teeth short, less than half as long as the tube, the upper broader; pod more or less hairy (except "sometimes in the first). Upper calyx-taeth only slightly broader than the lower; bracts lanceolate. Calyx not black-hairy; pod not sulcate. 6. A. oreophilus. Calyx more or less black-hairy; pods somewhat sulcata on the lower suture. 7. .4. Mortoni. Upper calyx-teeth about twice as broad as the lower, the base; pod not sulcata. Calyx-tube about 3 mm. long, less than 2 mm. wide. Pod decidedly arcuate. III. Hypoglottides. Pod with appressed gray or black pubescence. Calyx-teeth short and broad; corolla purple. Calyx-teeth subulate. Corolla piu-pla or pink, seldom white; caly.x-teeth much shorter than the tube. 11. A. striatus. Corolla sulphur-yellow, white, or pinkish; calyx-teeth almost equaUing the tube. Leaflets elliptic, appressed-pubescent. . 12. A. sulpfiuresccns. Leaflets broadly obovate; pubescence looser. 13. A. oreganus. Pod villous with long spreading hairs. Corolla ocliroleucous ; bracts broadly spatulate to linear, obtuse. 14. A. virgultulus. Corolla purple; bracts ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, often acutish. Calyx biack-hairy; teeth decidedly shorter than the tube. 15. A. goniatus. Calyx not black-hairy; teeth about equalling the tube. 16. A. agrestis. broadly triangular at A. spicatus. A. ursinus. A. palans. 9. 18. 10. A. terrninalis. One species. IV. Spaldixgiaxi. 17. A. Spaldingii. 23. HAMOSA Medic. Plant acaulescent, silvery white. Racemes several-flowered; calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, about one-tliird as long as the tube. 1. //• scaposa. Racemes 1-2-flowered; calyx-teeth elongate-lanceolate, more than half as long as the tube. 2. H. calycosa. Plant caulescent, not silvery. Legume curved. Plant glabrous or strigose. Pod less than 3 mm. wide, not mottled; corolla 5-6 mm. long. Leaflets lanceolate or oblong ; pod finely strigose. 3. H. austrina. Leaflets cuneate or oblong, emarginate; pod glabrous. 4. H. Nuttalliana. PEA FAMILY 141 Pod 6 mm. wide, mottled; corolla about 1.5 cm. long. 5. H. ampleia. Plant hirsute; pod over 4 mm. wide. 6. H. malaca. Legume straight. Racemes short, subcapitate; corolla light bluish purple; leaflets oblong to obcor- date, green. 7. //. leptocarpa. Racemes elongate, lax; corolla cream-colored; leaflets narrowly oblong or linear, grajish strigose. 8. //. atratiformis. 24. TiUM Medic. Stipe exceeding the calyx; pod not incurved. Pod not black-hairy; corolla white or ocliroleucous. Pod erect, glabrous. Stipe much longer tlian the calyx. Stipe scarcely exceeding the calyx. Pod with a partial septum. Pod glabrous; stipe 3-4 mm. long. 2. Pod strigose; .stipe 1 mm. long. 3. Pod without septum. 4. Pod reflexed. Plant villous; pod cordate in cross-section. 5. T. Drummondii. Plant appressed-pubescent or glabrous ; pod more or less triangular or inverted V-shaped in cross-section. Pod 2-3 cm. long; corolla 15-20 mm. long. Calyx not black-hairy ; pod straight. 6. Calyx black-hairy; pod arcuate. 7. Pod less than 1.5 cm. long; flowers 6-8 mm. long. 8. Pod black-hairy; corolla violet or purple. 9. Stipe shorter than the calyx or almost none; pod incurved. Pod mottled ; plant green, very slender. Stem slender, spreading. Raceme 1-5-flowered, short; leaflets obovate or orbicular. 10. T. sparsiflorum. Raceme 5-10-flowered; leaflets linear. 11. T. owyheense. Stems stout, erect; raceme 5-15-flowered. Leaflets obovate or orbicular. 12. Leaflets narrowly elliptic. 13. Pod not mottled; plant cinereous. Pod appressed-pubescent. 14. T. humistratum. Pod hirsute-villous, with spreading hairs. 15. T. desperatum. 25. DIHOLCOS Rydb. Pod glabrous; body about 1.5 cm. long; upper calyx-teeth 3-4 mm. long; corolla white. 1. D. decalvans. Pod strigose; upper calyx-teeth less than 3 mm. long. Body of the pod 12-15 mm. long; corolla usually purple. 2. D. bisulcatus. Body of the pod rarely 10 mm. long; corolla white or straw-colored, only the keel sometimes tipped with purple. , Pod distinctly cross-ribbed. Corolla more than 1 cm. long ; pod very acute at both ends ; stipe 5 mm. long. 3. D. scobinatulus. Corolla less than 1 cm. long ; pod obtusish or abruptly acuminate at both ends ; stipe 3 mm. long. 4. D. Haydenianus. Pod not cros.s-ribbed ; corolla 6 mm. long. 5. D. micranthus. 1. T. eremiticum . T. atropubescens. T. obscurum. T. arreclum. T. raceniosum. T. scopulorum. T. Rusbyi. T. alpinum. T. variegatum. T. naturitense. 26. JONESIELLA Rydb. 27. RYDBERGIELLA Fedde & Sydow. Pod with a broad partition, almost 2-celled, except at the apex. Pod with a narrow, sometimes obsolete partial partition. Stipe of the pod 4-8 mm. long. Leaflets oblanceolate or oblong. Leaflets obovate. Stipe of the pod 1-2 mm. long; leaflets oblong to oval. Plant glabrous; leaflets oblong, retuse. 1. J. asclepiadoides. 1. R. scaphoides. 2. R. arcta. 3. R. Preussii. 4. R. praelonga. nam. gia,ijroiis; leauets ooiong, reiuse. 4. «. praeionga. Plant hispidulous-strigose on the upper parts of the stem and the lower surface of the leaves 28. CTENOPHYLLUM Rydb. Leaflets narrow. Leaflets filiform or nearly so, 2-4 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide. Leaflets Unear, 2-3 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Leaflets oblong to broadly obovate. 29. CNEMIDOPHACOS Rydb. Pod with a rudimentary partition. Pod without a partition. Calyx densely black-villous. Calyx not black-hairy or with a few scattered black hairs. Calyx strigose with rather short hairs. 5. R. PaUersonii. 1. C. pectinatum. 2. C. Grayi. 3. C. adanum. 1. C. reventoides. 2. C. reventus. 142 FABACEAE Corolla yellow. 3. C. flavus. Corolla pinkish. 4. C. conferiiflorus. Calyx silky-pilose or liirsute with long loose hairs. Corolla purple; calyx-teeth 4-5 mm. long. 5. C. argillosus. Corolla oclu'oleucous ; calyx-teeth 2 mm. long. 6. C. urceolatus. 30. XYLOPHACOS Rydb. Sheep-pod. Pod strigose or glabrous. Exocarp of the fruit not spongy; stem evident, but often short. Pod more or less curved. Plant sparingly hairy or glabrous, scarcely canescent; stem usually more or less elongate. Calyx-tube about 10 mm. long, white-hairy; plant sparingly silky. 1. X. slipularis. Calyx-tube 5—8 mm. long, black-hairy; plant strigose or glabrous. Pod 2-2.5 cm. long, abruptly acute at both ends. 2. X. cuspidocarpus. Pod 2.5-4 cm. long, long-acuminate at both ends. 3. X. cibtirius. Plant densely canescent, with white silky appressed hairs; stem low, decumbent. Pod elongate: dorsal suture distinctly sulcate. Pod tapering at the base, not very thick. Calyx-teeth subulate, about half as long as the tube. 4. X. aragalloides. Calyx-teeth less than half as long as the tube. 5. X. amphiozys. Pod not tapering at the bases. Calyx with black hairs; leaflets oval; corolla white or cream-colored. 6. X. eurekensis. Calyx without black hairs; leaflets rounded-obovate ; corolla purple. 7. X. Shortianus. Pod short-ovoid; neither suture distinctly sulcate. Pod mottled. Pod very strongly curved and vertically flattened at the middle; leaflets oval, acute, strigose. 8. X. Zionis. Pod shghtly curved; leaflets oblong, rounded or truncate at the apex, AiUous. 9. X. puniceus. Pod not mottled, slightly curved and tiu-gid. Calyx-teeth subulate, about half as long as the tube; leaflets oblong- oval. 10. A. argophyllus. Cal.vx-teeth lanceolate, one-fourth as long as the tube; leaflets obovate. 11. X. uinlensis. Pod straight or nearly so; plant canescent. Pod obcompressed, somewhat triangular; ventral sutiu-e only prominent. 12. X. vespertinus. Pod compressed; both sutures prominent. Corolla piu-ple; calyx with black hairs. 13. X. missouriensis. Corolla white or ochroleucous with purple-tipped keel; calyx without black hairs. 14. X. cymboides. Exocarp of the fruit spongy at least m. age; plant sub-acaulescent, less than 5 cm. high. , Leaflets 7-11, rounded-obovate, obtuse. 15. X. pygmaeus. Leaflets 1-3, broadly lanceolate, acute. 16. X. musinensis. Pod ^illous. Pod densely woolly, short-ovoid; plant canescent. Pubescence of the leaves strictly appressed. Leaflets elliptic to obovate; calyx-teeth one-fourth as long as the tube. Leaflets obovate, obtusish; peduncles much shorter than the leaves. 17. X. Newberryi. Leaflets oblanceolate, acute; peduncles about equalling the leaves. 18. X. conseclus. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate, rounded, truncate, or retuse at the apex; calyx-teeth half as long as the black-villous tube. 19. X. Walsonianus. Pubescence of the leaves loosel.v woolly. Stems 1 dm. long or less; bracts ovate or oblanceolate, only slightly exceed- ing the pedicels. Leaflets broadly obovate, roimded at the aoex; plant densely floccose. 20. X. utahensis. Leaflets oblanceolate or oblong, acute; plant hirsute- villous. Corolla ocliroleucous; only the keel purple-tipoed. 21. X. Purshii. Corolla purple. 22. X. glareosus. Stems 2-4 dm. high; bracts subiflate, at least half as long as the calyx. 23. X. inflexus. Pod sparingly villous, elongate; plant not canescent. 24. X. Parryi. 31. MICROPHACOS Rydb. Pod slightly sulcate on the lower suture, transversely veined; leaflets narrowly linear- obtuse. 1. M. parviflorus. Pod merely flattened on the lower suture, cross-wrinkled ; leaflets linear-oblong or linear , cuneate, truncate or emarginate. 2. M. microlobus. 32. PTEROPHACOS Rydb. 1. P. tetraptems. 33. ATELOPHRAGMA Rydb. Pod stipitate, flat. Partial partition broad, making the pod almost 2-celled. 1. A. Arthuri. PEA FAMILY 143 Partial partition narrow, less than one-third the width of the pod. Pod long-stipitate, glabrous at least in age. Plant loosely short-villous. 2. A. aboriginum. Plants appressed-silky or glabrous. Leaflets oblong. 3. A. Forwoodii. Leaflets linear. Plant grajlsh silky. 4. A. lineare. Plant glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. 5. A. glabriusculum. Pod short-stipitate, hairy. Upper leaves not reduced; pod black-hairy. 6. A. Macounii. Upper leaves reduced, often unifoliolate ; pod not black-hairy. 7. A. ibapense. Pod sessile, more turgid. Racemes many-flowered ; leaflets oblong ; partition of the pod narrow. Racemes elongate; pod short-obovoid. 8. A. elegans. Racemes short; pod oblong. 9. A. Shearii. Racemes few-flowered; leaflets linear; partition of the pod broad. 10. A. Brandegei. 34. HOMALOBUS Nutt. Legumes decidedly flattened laterally. Leaves simple or some of them rarely 3-foliolate; plants pulvinate-cespitose; pod sessile. I. Seviplicifolii. Leaves several-foliolate. Pod sessile or short-stipitate; stipe seldom exceeding the caly.x. Legume ovai, ovate, broadly oblong, or elhptic. Pod without long black hairs. II. Tenelli. Pod with long black hairs. III. Debiles. * Legume hnear, 1.5 cm. long or longer. IV. Caiipestres. Pod long-stipitate; stipe decidedly longer than the calyx. Calyx not gibbous at the base, less than half as long as the corolla ; pod mem- branous; leaflets linear or flhform. V. Stenophylli. Calyx strongly gibbous at the base, more than half as long as the corolla; pod more coriaceovis. VI. Collini. Legumes nearly terete. Pod sessile or short-stipitate; stipe if any shorter than the calyx. VII. Flexuosi. Pod long-stipitate; stipe longer than the calyx. VIII. Macrocarpi. I. SIMPLICIFOLII. Calyx-teeth about half longer than the calyx-tube; corolla ochroleucous or whitish. Calyx glabroas. 1. H. ligulatus. Calyx pubescent. Leaves almost flJiform, sparingly hairy, pungent-pointed; pods mottled. 2. H. exilif alius. Leaves narrowly linear-oblanceolate, canescent, not pungent; pods not mottled. 3. H. simplicifolius. Calyx-teeth about as long as the tube; corolla purple or pink. Peduncles 1-flowered; bracts subulate, longer than the flowers. 4. H. uniflorus. Peduncles 3-10-flowered ; bracts ovate to narrowly lanceolate, shorter than the flow- ers. Pods long-acute; bracts narrowly lanceolate; leaves usually narrowly oblanceolate. 5. H. caespitosus. Pods abruptly acute; bracts short, ovate to lanceolate, very scarious; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate. 6. H. brachycarpus. II. Tenelli. Pod strictly sessile Leaflets narrowly linear, often wanting. 8. H. lancelarius. Leaflets oblong to oval. Stems densely cespitose, 1-2 dm. high; racemes short, few-flowered. Racemes 2-6-flowered, shorter than the leaves; leaflets oblong to oblanceolate, acute, canescent. 9. H. vexilliflexus. Racemes 5-12-flowered, exceeding the leaves; leaflets oblong to elhptic, green, glabrate above. 10. H. miser. Stems more simple, 2 dm. liigh or more; racemes elongate. Pods erect, on long pedicels. 11. H. grallator. Pods spreading or reflexed, on short pedicels. Pods glabrous; plant canescent. 12. H. wingalanus. Pods hairy ; plant green. 13. H. dementis. Pod short-stipitate. Corolla wliite, tinged with piirple. Both sutures of the pod curved. 14. //. acerbus. Lower suture of the pod straight. 15. H. Dodgeanus. Corolla ochroleucous. Legume glabrous. Stipe rarely exceeding the tube of the calyx; leaves usually spreading in age'; leaflets oblong to oval, obtuse and mucronate. 16. //. dispar. Stipe of the mature legume usually exceeding the caly.x-teeth; leaves strongly ascencUng; leaflets narrowly hnear to linear-oblong, mostly acute. Stipe 3-4 mm. long; leaflets linear or linear-oblong; stem usually conspicu- ously strigose; calyx-teeth half as long as the tube. 17. H. tenellus. 144 FABACE.\E Stipe 5-7 mm. long; leaflets narrowly linear: stem glabrous or nearly so; calyx-teeth usually nearly equalling the tube. 18. H. stipilatus. Legume strigose. 19. //. strigulosus. III. Debiles. Stem very slender, filiform and decumbent; pod sessile, ovate or oval. 20. H. debilis. Stem erect or ascending; pods stipitate and long-acute at both ends. 21. H. Bourgovii. IV. CAilPESTRES. Corolla ochroleucous, usually without any tinge of purple; upper leaves reduced to fili- form phyllodes or the rachis greatly produced, without a terminal leaflet: canescent riish-like plants, with deep-seated roots and stem branched below tlie surface; caly.\-lobes less than half as long as the tube. Calyx more or less black-hairy; legumes tapering towards the base. Calyx-lobes subulate, much longer than broad; leaves Unear-subulate to linear, very acute. 22. II. campestris. Calyx-teeth about as broad as long, triangular; leaflets linear or linear-oljlong, obtiLse. 23. H. junciformis. Calyx wliite-hairy ; teeth triangular; legumes linear; leaflets, if any, narrowly linear to fiUform. 24. H. junceus. Coralla white, pink, purpUsh, or rarely ochroleucous, at least the keel tipped with dark purple; terminal leaflet usually well developed; leafy plants with a cespitose cau- dex. Legume strigose. rarely becoming glabrate in age. Legume arcuate. Leaflets 5 ; plant piilvinate-cespitose. 7. H. detritalis. Leaflets 7-11; plant cespitose, decumbent, but not pulvinate. 25. H. decumbens. Legume straight, or the end slightly curved upwards in H. oblongifolius . Leaflets strigose on both sides, usually densely canescent. Leaflets narrowly Linear or narrowly lance-Unear. Calyx-teeth almost as long as the tube; corolla purplish; plant 2-4 dm. high. 26. H. strigosits. Calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube; corolla ochroleucous, only the keel tipped with piu-ple; plant less than 2 dm. high. 27. H. tenuifoliiis. Leaflets narrowly lanceolate or lance-oblong, 4-8 mm. long, 1-2.5 mm. wide; plant less than 1 dm. high. 28. H. ditergens. Leaflets usually glabrous above, green. Calyx wliite-hairy , its teeth one-third as long as the tube; leaflets linear to lance-oblong; racemes long and lax. 29. H. serotinus. Calyx usually black-hairy, its teeth fully half as long as the tube. Legumes 2-2.5 cm. long; corolla about 1 cm. long; leaflets ample; plant erect, 2-4 dm. high. Leaflets elUptic or oblong, obtuse, the terminal one short-stalked and simil